-25_Glossary and Index Page 306 to 321.htm

During the period 1884 to 1922 it came out as The Statesman & Friend of India. Since 1923 the title has ap- peared as "The Statesman - (incorporating and directly descended from the Friend of India, founded in 1818)". The editor of the paper in 1907-08 was S. K. Ratcliffe. The paper naturally did not support the national- ist movement, but after 1947 its editorial policy has been a reasonably balanced one in matters of national importance. (Cal. Lib.; N.S.I., p. 30) (See also Friend of India)  1: 142, 160, 169-70, 172, 174, 180, 184, 194, 347-50, 352-55, 368, 373-75, 407, 409-10, 420-22, 429-30, 435, 453-54, 503-04, 547, 551-54, 563 2: 76, 209, 284, 291-92, 329-30, 332, 367, 376-78 4: 199, 210, 238 26: 30, 44

Stead, W. T. William Thomas Stead (1849-1912), English journalist, considered "one of the founders of sensational jour- nalism". He started the Review of Reviews and many similar publications in the United States and Australia. In his later years he became deeply interested in psychical research. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.)  2: 356-57 3: 393-400

Stephen a name mentioned only once in Longfellow’s narrative poem The Courtship of Miles Standish. (P.W.L., p. 286)  5: 377

Stephen Abelard a character – the last master of "ABHLARD", and the last male member of the family – in Sri Aurobindo’s story "The Door at Abelard". a 7:1025-26, 1029, 1033-35, 1038, 1040-41, 1043-45

Stephenson, George (1781-1848), English engineer, principal inventor of the railroad locomotive. He also discovered the principle on which Davy’s safety lamp was based. (Enc. Br.; Pears)  15:251

Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850-94), British essayist, literary critic, poet, and author of travel books, best known for his romantic adventure stories. (Enc. Br.)  3: 184 22: 343

Sthenelus in Greek legend, a friend of DIOMEDES. He went with him as a leader of the Argive contingent to fight in the Trojan War. (M.I.)  5:470, 480

Sthurayupa a Vedic Rishi. 1: 334

Stoic(s) philosopher(s) of the school founded at Athens c. 308 BC by Zeno making virtue the highest good, concentrating attention on ethics, and inculcating control of the passions and indifference to pleasure

and pain.(C.O.D.) Der: Stoical; Stoicism  4:109-10.298 5:58 13:181, 186-89, 197-98′ 14:57, 99, 147 15:91 16:354, 362, 366, 368-70 19:879 20:20 29:452 V: 63, 75 XIV: 145, 163

The Stolen Child a poem by Yeats. (A)  9: 535

Stone Age the name for that stage in man’s development when all of his tools, implements, and weapons were made of stone, bone, antler, ivory, and wood. It does not have chronological significance since all peoples in all parts of the world did not pass through it at the same time. Sir John Lub- bock in his book Pre-historic Times (1865), described the three divisions of prehistory as the Iron, Bronze, and Stone ages. The Stone Age was much longer than the other two combined, so he further divided it into two main periods, the Paleolithic or "Old Stone" age and the Neolithic or "New Stone" age. Lubbock’s classification has found wide acceptance. (Enc. Am.)  15: 173

Stone oflshtar title of a poem by Sri Aurobindo which has been lost. Its completion was noted in a script in the Record of Yoga (1912-13). [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

The Story of Philosophy a book by William James Durant, published in 1926, giving the lives and opinions of the world’s greatest philosophers from Plato to John Dewey. It was an immediate best seller. The book has been translated into many languages. (Col. Enc.)  9: 485

Story of Truth title of a book published by Collins. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Strasburg (German, Strassburg; English, Strasbourg) a city and capital of Bas-Rhin departement, eastern France, four kilometres west of the Rhine on the Franco-German frontier. In the Franco-German War (1870-71) the Germans captured Strasbourg after a fifty- day siege and annexed it. The city reverted to France after World War I. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Streadhew a village mentioned in Sri Aurobindo’s story "The Door at Abelard". (A)  7: 1025

Strymon ancient Greek name for the modern Struma, a river rising in Bulgaria and emptying into the north Aegean; it formerly divided Macedonia and Thrace. (Col.Enc.;M.N.)  5:405, 419

Stuart(s) originally "Stewart", the surname of a Scottish family, the senior branch of which inherited the Scottish crown in 1371 and the English crown in 1603. The English sovereigns James I, Charles I and II, James II, Mary, and Anne were of this family. (Enc.Br.;C.O.D.)  3:225, 264 15:357, 428 16: 323 X: 147

Sturge (Maynard) a character in Sri Aurobindo’s story "The Phantom Hour".  7: 1013, 1015-24

Stuttgart a city astride the Neckar River, capital of Baden-Wiirttemburg state in southwestern West Germany. Until 1945 it was the capital of all Wiirttemburg. (Enc. Br.;Col. Enc.) 1: 521

Subala in the Mahabharata, a king of Gandhara. He had a son named Sakuni (or Saubala), and a daughter named Gandhari, who married Dhritarashtra. (M. N.)  IV: 115

Subbarao, Y. Indian author who wrote an interesting article on the question of the originality of Shankara’s philosophy in the second number (October 1915) of Sanskrit Research. (A)  17:292

Subhadra in the Mahabharata, wife of Arjuna and mother of Abhimanyu. She was daughter ofVasudeva and sister of Krishna. (Dow.) D 4:68, 75, 77 8:77-78

Subodh Chandra, Raja See Mulli(c)k, Subodh (Chandra)

Subramaniya, S(h)iva (1884-1925), a great nationalist and patriot belonging to the Tilak school of politics. He was a worthy and fear- less leader of the people, especially the lab- our class. He was prosecuted in connection with the riots in Tinnevelly and Tuticorin in February-March 1908, and convicted. The sentence finally awarded by the High Court was six years’ imprisonment. (D.N.B.; A; P.T.I.)  1: 727, 745, 752, 793

Sucutta (Sukuta), in the Mahabharata, name of a region or country, and of the people in- habiting it. (M.N.)  8:41

Sudaman a character in a fragmentary play by Sri Aurobindo. 27: 139-40

Sudarshan (Chakra) name of the Chakra (Discus) of Sri Krishna, a weapon given to him by the god Agni (or, according to some scholars, by Parashurama). (Dow.; A)  8: 343, 398 23: 983

Sudas a king whose name frequently occurs in the Rig-veda. The rival Rishis Vasishtha and Vishwamitra were members of his court. He was famous for his sacrifices. (Dow.)4: 24, 26, 29 VIII: 150

Suddhi Samaj a religious body having for its object the readmission of converts from Hinduism into the fold of the religion and also perhaps, the admission of converts to Hinduism from other religions. (A)  2: 226

Sudhanwan in the Vedas, the ancestor of the Ribhus when they are considered as powers of Light who have descended into Matter. (The name occurs in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, where Sudhanwan is mentioned as a descendant of Angiras.) (A; V. Index)  10: 326

Sudharam Thana name perhaps of a sub-division of the district of Noakhali in East Bengal (now in Bangladesh). (A)  1: 357

Sudharma in Hindu mythology, name of Indra’s council hall, "the unrivalled gem of princely courts". (A; Dow.) n 8:33

Sudhir someone known to Sri Aurobindo (and also perhaps to Motilal Roy of Chan- dernagore) from whom Sri Aurobindo received a letter at Pondicherry in 1913.  27: 439

Sudhiranjan full and correct name:

Samvad-Sadhuranjan, a short-lived Bengali paper of Calcutta, published by Iswara Chandra Gupta in 1847. (D.N.B.)  3:90

Suditi a VedicRishi, descendant of Angiras.  11: 357

Sudra See S(h)udra

Suffragette(s) member(s) of the Women’s Suffrage Movement in England, who in the early part of this century agitated to obtain the parliamentary vote. The movement ended in 1918 when women of thirty were given the franchise. (Pears, p. Llll)  2: 173 XXI: 100

Sufi(sm) Islamic mysticism is called Sufism in Western languages. It consists of a variety of mystical paths that are designed to ascertain the nature of man and of God and to facilitate the experience of divine love and wisdom in the world. The movement of Sufism, which emerged in the late 10th and early llth century, being more philosophical was more tolerant than orthodox Islam. The followers of Sufism were called Sufis, and they included the greatest of the Persian poets. (Enc.Br.;Col.Enc.;D.I.H.) 2:13-7:678, 683 9:114 14:17, 264, 270 17: 306-07 19: 721 22: 158 23: 510 24: 1660 I: 31 XVI: 180

Sughosha in the Mahabharata, name of the conch-shell ofNakula, one of the Pandavas. (M.N.)  4: 77 8: 77

Sugriva in the Ramayana, a monkey-king, dethroned by his brother Ball, but reinstalled as king at Kiskindha by RAMA’ after he slew Ball. Later, Sugriva, with his army of mon- keys, fought as an ally of Rama in his war against Ravana. (Dow.) Var: Sugrive  2: 80 22: 416

Sugrive (Sugriva), in the Mahabharata, name of one of the two horses of Krishna’s chariot. (M.N.)  8:29

Suhrawardy, Doctor a Muslim leader of Calcutta who expressed his dissatisfaction with the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909. (A)  4: 218

Suka See Shuka(deva)

Sukesha the Bharadwaja (Sukesa Bhara- dvaja), a Rishi mentioned in the Prashna Upanishad as a descendant of Bharadvaja.  12:295, 311

Sukra See Shukra

Sukra-Niti an ancient work in Sanskrit on niti (political and administrative organiza- tion) by the sage Sukracharya (see Shukra).  14: 70

Sukumar Sukumar Mitra, son of Krishna Kumar Mitra, who took a leading part in arranging Sri Aurobindo’s departure for Pondicherry in 1910. (Purani) n 27:455 XVI: 194

Sukumari a character – daughter of Mohendra Singh and Kalyani – in Bankim Chandra’s novel Ananda Math. (A)  8: 320, 350

Sullan of (or enacted by) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (Felix) (138-78 BC), Roman general and dictator who carried out notable constitu- tional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. (Enc. Br.)  16:323

Sullivan, Sir Arthur (Seymour) (1842-1900), Irish composer who, with William Schwenk Gilbert, established the distinctive English form of the operetta. Gilbert’s satire and verbal ingenuity were matched so well by Sullivan’s unfailing melodiousness, re- sourceful musicianship, and sense of parody, that the works of this unique partnership won lasting international acclaim. (Enc. Br.; Pears)  1:415

Sumalus in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, one of Penthesilea’s captains. (M.I.)  5: 455, 516-17

Sumbha an Asura, brother of Nisumbha. As related in the Markandeya Purana, the two were votaries of Shiva, and performed severe austerities for thousands of years, at the end of which Shiva blessed them. In their exal- tation they warred against the gods. The gods appealed to Durga, who slew the two Asuras. (Dow.) 17: 143

Sumitra Vadhryashwa (Sumitra Vadhryasva), a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Vadhryasva. (V. Index)  II: 407-08

Summons one of the speakers at the annual meeting of the European and Anglo-Indian Defence Association held at Calcutta in April 1908. (A)  1:829

Sun 1. the star that the earth revolves around and receives warmth and light from. 2. the Sun-god or Surya of Hindu religion. In the Vedas the name Surya is generally distinguished from Savitri, and denotes the most concrete of the solar gods, whose connection with the physical sun is always present to the poet’s mind. He is regarded as one of the original Vedic triad, his place being in the sky, while that of Agni is on the earth, and that of Indra is in the atmosphere. In later mythology the Sun is identified with Savitri as one of the twelve Adityas or em- blems of the Sun in the twelve months of the year, and his seven-horse chariot is said to be driven by Aruna or the Dawn. 3. the god of revelatory knowledge; the Lord of illumination. (C.O.D.;M.W.;V.G.) Der: Solar; Solarisation (all myths start from the sun – 27: 163) D [Note: Only the capi- talized word "Sun" and the word "Surya" are indexed below.] 3: 11, 18, 151, 268-70 4: 7, 14, 22-24, 31, 43-45, 223, 239, 306, 333, 360, 373-74 5: 9, 103, 106, 117, 138, 233, 298 6: 15 7: 756, 913, 928, 969, 973, 981, 1048 8: 131, 155, 175, 199, 386, 389, 391-93, 402 9:209 10:4-5, 19-20, 23, 25, 53, 56, 68, 78, 80, 88, 90-91, 99, 104, 106, 108, 118-20, 122, 124, 127, 132-33, 138-47, 149-52, 154, 156, 158-60, 162, 166-67, 170, 172, 177, 181, 184-86, 188, 197, 204-05, 207, 209, 213, 215, 217, 219-20, 225, 228, 230, 232-36, 238, 250, 255, 271-72, 274-78, 283, 289-91, 293, 298, 300, 315-17, 319-20, 322, 328, 348, 353, 361, 364, 374, 402, 405, 416, 421-36, 438-40, 448, 450, 455, 460, 465-66, 469-71, 524, 526, 529-31, 533, 535-36, 539, 554 11: 2-3, 9, 11, 14-15, 17, 22, 27-28, 31-34, 52-53, 57, 61, 64, 86, 98, 120, 136, 162, 165, 172, 181, 184, 190, 193-94, 226, 243, 254-55, 261, 292, 295, 302, 313, 337, 341, 350, 371-72, 376, 389-91, 393, 442, 445-47, 455, 457, 466-68, 478, 483, 485, 490, 492, 494, 497-98 12: 45-46, 64, 67, 72-73, 118, 120-28, 130, 133, 140, 160, 238, 260, 262, 273, 275-76, 296-97, 300, 303, 318, 321-23, 334-35, 343, 356-57, 367, 371, 374, 379, 462, 467, 470, 475-76, 491 13: 137-38, 192, 292 14: 144, 266, 275-77, 279 15:4 16:337-38 17:27, 48, 76, 85, 113, 257, 259-62, 278 18: 271, 277, 392, 483 19: 666, 726, 919 20: 462, 465, 467 21: 544, 640 22: 22, 102-03 23: 785, 948, 954-55, 957-58, 967, 1077 25:116 26:215, 265 27:151, 163, 191, 207, 262, 326-27, 333, 484, 511 28: 23, 191, 236, 256, 278, 299, 301-02, 311, 314 29: 355, 360, 401, 407, 450, 452, 525, 536, 602, 610, 622, 626-27, 681 I: 17-18 II: 39-40, 45, 53, 57, 79 III: 35-37 IV: 117, 136, 154 V: 12, 21, 23, 32, 60, 69, 72 VI: 182 VII: 39 VIII: 147-48, 160, 167-68 X: 151-52, 179, 184 XIII: 59, 62 XIV: 110-11, 120, 125-26, 130, 132, 138 XV: 5-6, 19-20, 55 XVI: 137-38, 143 XVII: 15-16, 33, 44-47, 58-59, 61, 63 XVIII: 156, 167, 170, 172, 177, 181 XIX: 21, 68 XX: 153, 155 XXI: 17

Sun, the a character in Sri Aurobindo’s (incomplete) drama The Birth of Sin. This character does not appear in the revised version, published in SABCL, Vol. 5 - Collected Poems. (A)  7:901, 903-04

Sunahshepa See Shunahshepa (Ajigarti)

The Sunday Times English weekly of Madras, founded in 1928. The founder, or one of the founders, was M. S. Kamath, who later became the paper’s editor. From 1941, however, and till at least 1948, the paper was edited by P. A. Prabhu, and printed and published at the "Sunday Times" Press. (A)  26: 60

Sunderban vast tract of forest and swamp forming the lower part of the Ganga Delta, extending about a hundred miles along the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh and West Bengal. The tract runs inland for sixty to . eighty miles. (Enc. Br.) a 3:83-84

Sundown title of a poem by ARJAVA.  9: 413

Sunga(s) a dynasty of Indian rulers, founded in c. 185 BC by PUSHYAMITRA. It ruled for 112 years. (Enc. Br.)  14:351, 373

Sungram a character – companion of Bappa; a young Rajpoot refugee – in Sri Aurobindo’s play the Prince of Edur.  7: 739, 756-59, 764-69, 777, 797-99, 801, 804

Sunjar a character – a chamberlain of the palace of Bassora – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora.  7: 561, 563-65, 568, 666-69, 671, 733-34

Sunjoy (1) For this name occurring in Volume 8 (except on p. 77) see Sanjaya’. (2) For the name occurring elsewhere see Sanjay(a)2.

Sun-world; Suryaloka 1. a region or space supposed to exist around the sun, consti- tuting a heaven of which the sun is regent. 2. the world of the Sun (symbol of vijhdna). (M.W.; A & R, XIX: 95)  XVI: 130 XIX: 32

Sun Yat Sen Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925), leader of the Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), known as the father of modern China. Influential in overthrowing the Manchu dynasty (1911), he served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China for four months in 1911-12. (Enc. Br.) 15: 356

Supaures in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, father of Valarus (a captain of Penthesilea). (M.I.) 5:518

Suprabhat a Bengali illustrated literary monthly periodical and review of Calcutta, started in July 1907. From 1909 to 1914 it was edited by Kumudini Mitra, daughter of Sri Aurobindo’s uncle K. K. Mitra. (Cal. Lib.; P.T.I.)  3:430 4: pre.

Surabdas in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, one of Penthesilea’s captains. (M.I.)  5:455, 516-17

Suradasa (1483-1563 or 1478-1583), saint- poet, generally considered the foremost among the devotees of Krishna. He was the most notable of the eight disciples of Vallabha- charya and his son who are grouped under the name "Astachapa". He composed, according to tradition, about a hundred thousand padas (verses in Hindi that can be set to classical music), of which only about four or five thousand are found in the various manuscripts and editions of the collection known as Surasagara. (Enc. Br.; Sur.) Var: Surdas 3: 214 14: 319

Surasegn (Surasena), in the Mahabharata, father of Vasudeva and Kunti, and grand- father of Krishna. (M.N.-l)  27: 139

Surat administrative headquarters of Surat district in the state of Gujarat (formerly in Bombay Presidency). It is a port on the Gulf of Cambay. The broken-up Congress session of 1907 was held at Surat. Surat personified appears as a character in "The Slaying of Congress", a tragedy published in Bande Mataram in February 1908. (Enc.Br.;A)  1: 246, 248, 592-93, 609, 638-39, 644, 646-47, 649, 651, 680-81, 683-84, 687-88, 690, 693-94, 746-48, 754, 782, 789, 822-25, 831, 850, 870, 877-78, 890, 902 2: 76, 127, 129, 131, 176, 178, 194-95, 220-21, 306, 320, 325 4: 182-83, 189, 191, 199, 203, 226, 228, 233, 268, 323 17:352, 355 26: 20, 32, 35, 46-47, 49, 51, 58 27: 63, 67 I: 1 VIII: 121-23, 126, 129 XIV: 103, 106 XVI: 194 XVII: 68

Surath Raja in the Markandeya Purana, an ancient king of the Lunar race. He popularised the worship of the goddess Durga. (P.A.) Var: Suratha  1:854 VI: 184

Surat Moderate a character in "The Slaying of Congress”, a tragedy published in Bande Mataram in February 1908.  1: 686-87, 692, 694

Surdas See Suradasa

Surenas in Sri Aurobindo’s llion, one of Penthesilea’s captains. (M.I.)  5: 455, 516-17

Suren(dra) a character, representing Surendranath Banerji, in "The Slaying of Congress", a tragedy published in Bande Mataram in February 1908.  l: 673, 680, 688-95

Surendra(nath) Babu See Banerji, Surendranath

Suresh (Chakravarty) See Chakravarti, Suresh (Chandra)

Surma Valley a rich agricultural zone in East Bengal (presently in Bangladesh). The Sur- ma River, also called the Barak in north- eastern India and eastern Bangladesh, rises in the Manipur Hills of northern Manipur state (India) and meets the Ganga below Dhaka in Bangladesh. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.)  2: 200 4: 196

Surmishtha in the Mahabharata, daughter of the Asura named Vrsaparva, and second wife of King Yayati; mother of Puru. (Dow.) 27: 158

Surya’ See Sun

Surya2 (Surya), in Hindu mythology, daughter of the Sun-god, bride of the Ashwins. (I&G)  10:78, 80, 316 15:4-5 XVII: 46-47

Suryaji brother of Tanaji Malsure. See also "Malsure, Tanaji"  5:282, 293

Suryaloka See Sun-world

Susa ancient city of the Middle East, capital of Susiana (Elam). The site is southwest of Dizful in Iran. (Col. Enc.)  6:380, 427

Sushil Kumar probably Sushil Kumar Sengupta (1892-1915), a revolutionary youth who was involved in

the Alipore Bomb Case. He was sentenced but acquitted on appeal. On his release he resumed his revolutionary activities, and was killed in 1915 in an encounter with the police. (Enc. Ind.)

Apparently the same as Sushil (Chandra) Sen, who, according to The Alipore Bomb Trial (A.B.T.), in 1907 was sentenced by the magistrate Kingsford to 15 stripes for assault- ing S. L. Huey in a fracas with the police. The latter half of the name (which is general- ly of secondary importance in Hindu names) may have been reported or entered incor- rectly as "Chandra" instead of "Kumar". As to the surnames "Sen" and "Sengupta", the former is quite often used for the latter.  l: 542

Sushna See Shushna

Susthal m the Mahabharata, name of an ancient region and its people. (M. N.)  8:41

Suta (Suta), also called Loma-harsana after his father, was a celebrated pupil of Vyasa, his fifth disciple and a great favourite. Vyasa taught him the whole of the Mahabharata and the Puranas, of which works he is traditionally regarded as the author. (M.W.;B.P.C.)  VI: 136-37

Suvar; svah; Svar See Swar

Svarga(loka) See Swarga(loka)

Swadesh a journal published around 1907; it was a moderate contemporary of Bande Mataram, considered by the Englishman to be "conducted with moderation and ability". (A)  l: 267-68

Swadesh Bandhab Samiti a nationalist youngmen’s association of Barisal (Bengal) which grew out of the "Little Brothers of the Poor" founded by Aswini Kumar Dutt. The Samiti was declared unlawful in January 1909. (A; P.T.I.)  2:88-91, 96

Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company a shipping concern established at Tuticorin mainly through the efforts of V. 0. Chi dam- baram Pillai for the transport of Swadeshi goods in order to end the monopoly of British steamer services. Soon after, an official campaign was started to crush the company. (A)  1:778, 793, 798, 803-05 2: 137

Swah See Swar

Swahili the chief representative of the Bantu language family, with large Arabic admixtures: the word Swahili itself is derived from an Arabic word meaning "of the coast". Swahili is the lingua franca of much of East Africa, i.e. of Tanzania, Kenya, Zaire, and Uganda. It may have as many as ten million speakers. (Col. Enc.; Pears; Enc. Br.)  26:325

Swamibag apparently, an open ground in the city of Dacca where large gatherings were held. (A)  27:40

Swar; Swarloka the luminous world of the Divine Mind, the special realm of Indra; the world of Light; the third (from below) of the seven worlds of the Puranas; one’ of the three vydhrtis (see Bhur) of the Vedas. (A; Dow.) Var: Suvar; svah; Svar; Swah  4: 36, 178 10: 42, 68, 84, 104, 127, 133, 138-46, 148-49, 159-62, 166, 169-72, 174, 176-77, 181, 183, 191, 194-95, 197, 201, 204-05, 208-09, 213, 215-17, 219-23, 225, 234, 243, 271, 274-75, 281, 285, 317, 319, 369-70, 393, 395, 401, 404, 416, 422, 433, 443, 460, 472-73, 539-40 11: 14, 17, 23-24, 241, 453, 467, 478 12: 123, 226, 321-22, 393, 404, 515 17: 62 22: 102 II: 38 IV: 134, 142, 150 VII: 68-69 XIII: 57-58 XIV: 110 XV: 25-27, 33, 46 XVI: 140, 142, 145, 154-55, 171 XVII: 20 XIX: 52

Swaraj a fortnightly English journal started in England in February 1909 by B. C. Pal and G. S. Khaparde to organize propaganda from outside India. The first few issues were "harmless and uninteresting", and it was sent out to India. But the conviction in India, a few months later, of the distributing agent G. B. Modak for an article in the issue of 16th June, proved fatal to the magazine. (P.T.I.)  1:267 2:22 -

Swarajya a natioanlist Urdu journal of Allahabad (U.P.). The editor Shanti Narayan was warned in April 1908, and subsequently tried in July and sentenced to three and a half years’ imprisonment. Three successive editors were also awarded various sentences, and the paper came to an end in 1910. (A; P.T.I.) D 1:845

Swarga(loka) Paradise; the heavenly world; the heaven of Indra; the abode of inferior Hindu gods and of beatified mortals, supposed to be situated on Mount Meru; psychologically, the condition of bliss in the subtle body. (Dow.; A) Var: Svarga(loka); Swargabhumi; Swerga  4:7-8, 15-16, 22-24, 36, 72, 100, 103, 116, 153, 157, 165, 177, 181, 205, 214, 219, 228, 242, 264-65, 275, 301, 306 5: 198- 201 11: 453 12: 226, 459, 466-68 17: 172 22: 93 26: 136 I: 17 II: 77-78, 80 V: 6-7 VI: 183 XVI: 171 XVII: 58 XX: 131

Swarloka See Swar

Swama Kumari Devi (1855-1932), sister of Rabindranath Tagore; "flower of feminine culture in Bengal" and a social reformer. She was the first woman to write Bengali novels, some of which have been translated intoEnglish. She edited Bharati for quite a long time, and also wrote books for children. (Enc.

Ind.’;N.B.A.;S.B.C.)  3:101

Sweden a kingdom in northern Europe, occupying the eastern part of the Scandi- navian Peninsula. Der: Swede  6: 480-81, 488, 504, 542-43 15: 308, 333, 412, 513-14

Swedenborg, Emanuel (1688-1772), scientist, mystic philosopher, and theologian. In the later part of his career, after publishing works on natural philosophy, and human anatomy and physiology, Swedenborg devoted his energies to biblical and mystical writings. Soon after his death Swedenborgian societies appeared; these eventually became the Church of the New Jerusalem. (Enc. Br.)  XVI: 141

Swedish national language of Sweden and, with Finnish, one of the two official languages of Finland. Swedish belongs to the East Scandinavian group of North Germanic languages. About eight million people speak the language, of whom seven and a half million live in Sweden. (Enc. Br.)  27: 89

Swegn (Olafson) a character – earl and, later, king of Trondhjem (Norway) – in Sri Aurobindo’s drama Eric. n 6:473, 480-81, 483, 485-87, 495-98, 511-12, 515, 517-22, 524, 528-30, 532, 535-58

Swerga See Swarga(loka)

Swetaketu a Rishi, son of Aruni Uddalaka of the Gautama line. Swetaketu realised the Self by learning the true and full import of the Sanskrit declaration "tattvamasi" ("Thou art That") from his father. (M.N.; Balak)  18: 67 19: 683 27: 304 VIII: 180 IX: 19

Swetas(h)watara (Upanishad) an Upanishad which is attached to the Krsna (Black) Yajur-veda. (Up. K.) D 12: 29, (32-33), 195, 367, 381, 423 13:84, 425 18:14, 42, 51, 80, 218, 322, 439, 482, 501 19: 683, 742, 792, 824

Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745), born in Dublin; English poet, wit, critic, churchman, political pamphleteer. His Gulliver’s Travels (1726) is the greatest satire in the English language. (Enc. Br.)  I: 11

Swinburne, Algernon Charles (1837-1909), English poet and critic, outstanding for prosodic innovations, and noteworthy as the symbol of mid-Victorian poetic revolt. Sri Aurobindo was influenced only by his early lyrical poems. (Enc.Br.;A) Der: Swinbumian a 3: 71 5: 345 9: 74, 132-33, 138, 142, 161, 163, 223, 301, 308, 392-93, 395-96, 410, 413, 420, 510, 522 17:374 26:255, 264-65, 277 27: 93

Swinhoe a high Government official posted in Calcutta in September 1909. (A)  2: 226-27

Switra [Svitra], in the Veda, the White Mother; name of a woman whose son is mentioned in the Rig-veda as Svaitreya.  13:18

Switzerland landlocked mountainous (Alpine) country of central Europe. It comprises a confederation of twenty-two cantons (three of which are half-cantons). The federal capital is Bern. (Enc. Br.)  1: 506, 526 2: 261 3: 193, 459 15: 410, 417, 419, 480, 498 V: 92

Syamasundara a name of Sri Krishna. D [Indexed with Krishna]

Sybil (erroneous spelling for "sibyl"), in Greek legend and literature, one of the women who in ancient times acted at various places (Cumaean, Erythraean, etc.) as the mouthpiece of some god, and to whom many collections of oracles and prophecies were attributed. A famous collection of sibylline prophecies, the nine Sibylline books, was according to tradition offered for sale to Tarquinius Superbus, the last of the seven kings of Rome, by the Cumaean sibyl. He refused to pay her price, so she burned six of the books before finally selling him the remaining three at the price she had origi- nally asked for nine. The books were there- after kept in the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill, to be consulted only in emergencies. (C.O.D.;Enc. Br.)  1:418

Sydenham, Lord George Sydenham Clarke (1848-1933), Baron Sydenham of Combe, Governor of Bombay (1907-13). D XXII: 131

Sylhet originally Srihatta, administrative headquarters of Sylhet district in Chittagong division, Bangladesh (but formerly in the Indian province of Assam). Sylhet is the most important town in the Surma Valley. (Enc. Br.)  1: 177, 357 4: 192, 194, 196, 290-91 26:46

Symposium one of Plato’s dialogues, in which banquet guests present their ideas on the nature of love. (Enc. Br.)  3: pre. 18:299 XIV:163

Synge, J. M. John Millington Synge (1871-1909), leading figure in the Irish literary renaissance, a poetic dramatist of great power who portrayed the primitive life of the Aran Islands and the western Irish

seaboard with sophisticated craftsmanship. (Enc. Br.)  9: 5

The Synthesis of Yoga a book by Sri Aurobindo that first appeared serially in Arya in seventy-two chapters (together with five introductory chapters). The first eleven chapters, revised and enlarged by Sri Aurobindo, came out (as twelve chapters) in book-form in 1948 as The Synthesis of Yoga (Part I: The Yoga of Divine Works). In 1955, under the imprint of the Sri Aurobindo International University Centre Collection, the complete Synthesis of Yoga was pub- lished as On Yoga I: The Synthesis of Yoga. The SABCL edition is a reproduction, in two volumes (20 and 21), of the (1955) Univer- sity Edition. (I & G) 17: 402 22: 149, 262 23: 575, 726 25: 67, 72, 208 26: 134, 151, 368-70 IV: 192 XVII: 70

Syrax a character – a villager or townsman - in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer, 6: 3, 115-16

Syria an ancient country (now the Syrian Arab Republic, which seceded from the United Arab Republic in 1961) on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea at the south- western fringe of the Asian continent, having Damascus as the capital. The Syria of Sri Aurobindo’s plays Perseus the Deliverer and Rodogune (in Vol. 6) is a Syria of romance, not of history. (Enc. Br.; Pears; A) Der: Syrian  5:184, 272 6:1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20-26, 32, 35, 38-39, 44-45, 47, 49-50, 56, 59, 62, 64, 66-67, 70, 79, 95, 97, 99, 100-03, 108-09, 111-15, 119, 126, 129, 132, 134-39, 142-44, 148, 150, 152-56, 158, 164-66, 172-76, 183, 186, 190, 193, 195-96, 198-99, 333, 341, 344, 347, 349-53, 356-57, 359, 362-63, 365, 367-68, 373, 379–81, 385, 387, 389-90, 397-404, 407-09, 412-13, 416, 419-22, 424, 426-27, 430, 432, 438, 441-43, 447, 452, 455, 460, 469 12: 486 15: 506 XVII: 2

Sysiphus See Sisyphus

T

Tacitus, Cornelius (c. 56 – c. 120), Roman orator and public official, probably the greatest historian and one of the greatest prose stylists who wrote in the Latin language. (Enc. Br.) 9:312, 545 1:8

Tagore, Abanindranath (1871-1951), a renowned artist and litterateur who re- established the old Indian system of art and painting in the esteem of the world. He inspired a number of other Indian artists

including Nandalal Bose. He was the foun- der of the Indian Society of Oriental Art. Earlier, he had been a colleague ofHavell in the Government School of Art in Calcutta. (D.I.H.;S.F.F.)  2:39, 211 3:428 4:154 14: 227

Tagore, Devendranath (1817-1905), a renowned savant and religious leader of Calcutta, active in the Brahmo Samaj, whom his countrymen lovingly referred to as the Maharshi (the Great Sage). Next to religion, expansion of education was the principal object of his activities. He was the father of Rabindranath Tagore. (D.I.H.) a 3:78

Tagore, Rabindranath (1861-1941), one of the greatest Indian poets of modern times. He was very prolific, writing approximately fifty dramas, one hundred books of verse, forty volumes of fiction, and several books of essays and philosophy. He wrote in Bengali but translated much of his work into English. The English translation of his Gitanjali won him the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913. Rabindranath was most influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West and vice versa. He was knighted in 1915. His greatest centribution to human culture was the foundation of the Vishwa Bharati at Shantiniketan in 1901. (D.I.H.; Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) 1-1 1: 698, 733, 770 3:80, 101, 270, 430-31 4:pre., 269 9:2, 7, 31, 56, 147-49, 152, 157, 159, 196, 203, 213, 218, 229, 252, 280, 284, 307-08, 322, 354, 397, 401, 434, 453, 461, 478, 495-96, 545 14: 17, 206, 264, 415, 421, 423 15:81 17:302, 319-21 22:152, 495 26: 4, 162, 165, 190, 223, 235, 262, 275-76, 346 29: 800 V: 17 VI: 141-42

Tagore, Rajah Jyotindra Mohan (1831-1908), a cultured zamindar of Bengal, a "scholarly patron of letters", a social reformer, philan- thropist and statesman. Enjoying the trust and patronage of the British ruling class to a considerable degree, he distinguished himself as the foremost member of the Pathuriaghat branch of the Tagore family. (D.N.B.) Var:—Mohun—  3:79, 97

Tagores the famous Tagore family of India, whose members include Devendranath, Rabindranath and Abanindranath.  17: 304

Tai Maharaj Case Tai Maharaj was the widow of Sirdar Baba Maharaj of Poona, who, before his death, appointed Tilak and Khaparde, with others, trustees of his estate.. The trustees quarrelled with the

widow, and out of this arose the famous Tai Maharaj adoption case. Tilak was convicted of perjury in connection with it by a special Magistrate, but the High Court of Bombay acquitted him. (P.T.I.; p. 25)  4:263

Tailanga Swami (1608-1888), a famous bhakta-yogi, worshipper of Shiva and Kali, who is noted for his enormous build and longevity (280 years), but more so for his remarkable yogic powers and the miracles he performed out of compassion, pity, or some compelling necessity. Born Shivaram, he was given the name Ganapati Saraswati when he took sannyasa at the age of seventy-eight. He ultimately came to be .known as Tailanga Swami for he belonged to Telangadesh (now renamed Andhra Pradesh). After long years of hard tapasya and pilgrimage to various shrines including those in Nepal and Tibet, Tailanga Swami spent the last 150 years of his life in Kashi (Varanasi) on the banks of the River Ganga. (B. S.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Taine, Hippolyte (-Adolphe) (1828-93), French thinker, critic, and historian, one of the most esteemed exponents of 19th- century French Positivism, who attempted to apply the scientific method to the study of the humanities. (Enc. Br.) n 9:112 1:15

Taittiriya (Upanishad) an Upanishad belonging to the Krsna (Black) Yajur-veda. (Up. K.)  10:171, 249.457 12:88, 134, 317, 345, 347 14:275 16:133, 261 17:402 18: 6, 25.27, 91, 159, 173, 207, 218, 231, 252, 271, 322, 566, 568, 596 19: 792, 803 20: 384 21: 559 22: 80, 109, 114, 265, 299 26: 114 27:221, 308 V:72, 97 VII: 59 VIII: 180 XV: 33 XVI: 145, 154 XVII: 53 XVIII: 156, 184 XX: 117

Taj Mahal the most renowned monument of Moghul rule in India, a mausoleum built by Emperor Shah Jahan for his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal, on the bank of the Yamuna in Agra. It is regarded as one of the wonders of the world for its beauty and magnificence. (D.I.H.)  9:381 14:205, 224 17:302 1:25

Takhti-Suleman Takht-e-Suleman, Persian name – translated into English as Seat of Solomon – of a hill-top (or ridge) in Kashmir, overlooking the city of Srinagar. Here there is a small temple of Shankara- charya dedicated to Shiva. Sri Aurobindo had the realisation of the vacant Infinite while walking on this ridge during his visit to Kashmir in 1903. (A)  5:153 26:50

Takshashila (the original Sanskrit of Taxila), Taxila University, the school that flourished at Taxila, capital of the Gandhara region of ancient India, situated about twenty miles northwest of the modern Rawalpindi in Pakistan. At this renowned seat of learning more than sixty distinct arts and sciences were taught by master teachers, assisted by the abler pupils, from at least the 7th century BC till about mid-3rd century AD. (Enc. Br.; D.I.H.)  17: 193

Talavakara a name of Kena Upanishad, which occurs as part of the ninth chapter of the Talavakara Brahmana of the Samaveda. (Up. K.) 12: 393 XVI: 189

Talthybius in Greek legend, the herald of Agamemnon. In Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, he serves as Achilles’ herald. (M.N.)  5: 392, 396, 399-402, 406, 414, 442, 463-65, 467, 470-71

Talwar (in full, Madan Talvar, meaning "Madan’s Sword") title of an international journal named after Madan Lal Dhingra who had been executed in England for the killing of Sir Curzon Wyllie. The first number was headed "Berlin, November 29th, 1909." Afterwards it was ascertained that the journal was printed at Rotterdam. The Talvar openly advocated the use of physical force to end British rule in India. (P.T.I.; Shamji, p. 280)  2:385

Tamburlaine Tamburlaine the Great, two- part romantic tragedy (first performed in 1587, published in 1590) by Christopher Marlowe, based on the career of the Mongol conqueror Timur-i-lang (Tamerlane). (Enc. Br.)  3: 96

Tamerlane (1336-1405), also called Timur-i-lang, a Turkic conqueror of Islamic faith, chiefly remembered for the barbarity of his conquests and the cultural achieve- ments of his dynasty. He invaded India in 1398, advanced up to Delhi and gave the city up to rapine and pillage by his soldiers for several days. He returned home with a very rich booty, leaving anarchy, famine and pestilence behind him. (Enc. Br.)  7: 846 9: 410 27: 51

Tamil language of the Dravidian family; it is one of the four principal languages spoken in South India, the other three being Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada. Tamil is the official language of the modern state of Tamil Nadu, and has a rich and ancient literature. It is spoken by over 30 million people of Tamil Nadu and eastern Sri Lanka. (Pears) Der: Tamilic  8:395 10:35-36, 46, 225, 495, 554, 557-62,

572 11: 463, 506 14: 129, 186, 316-17, 319 17: 371-74 26:66, 290, 373, 390 27:164, 166, 501, 503 II: 38 III: 56 IV: 148, 151, 156 V: 44, 50 VI: 153 XIV: 122 XVII: 52 XXI: 51, 67

Tamluk a town of Midnapore district in Bengal (now in West Bengal state).  4:291

Tangail a town in Dhaka division of Bengal (now in Bangladesh), about fifty miles northwest of the city of Dhaka. (S. Atlas)  1:357

Tangier port and chief city of the province of Tangier in northern Morocco, on a bay of the Strait of Gibraltar, seventeen miles from the southern tip of Spain. (Enc. Br.)  7: 597

Tanjore a town of the former province of Madras; now officially called Thanjavur. It is the administrative headquarters of Thanjavur district in Tamil Nadu, in the Kaveri Delta. (Enc. Br.)  17: 283

Tantalus in Greek legend, a king, son of Zeus and father of Pelops and Niobe. He was admitted to the table and council of the gods, but for his insolent behaviour he was condemned to TARTARUS. One legend says that he divulged divine secrets, another that he served his son’s body to the gods. He was punished in HADES by being set thirsty and hungry, in a pool of water which always receded when he tried to drink from it, and under fruit trees whose branches the wind tossed aside when he tried to pick the fruit. (Col.Enc.;O.C.C.L.) 5:436

Tantra 1. a yogic system which is in its nature synthetical and starts from a great central principle of Nature, a great dynamic force of Nature: in the Vedantic methods of yoga (i.e. the trimarga) the lord of the yoga is the purusa, the Conscious-Soul, but in Tantra it is rather prakrti, the Nature-Soul, the Energy, the Will-in-Power executive in the universe; it was by learning and applying the secrets of this Will-in-Power, its method, its tantra, that the Tantrika yogin pursued the aims of his discipline – mastery, perfec- tion, liberation, beatitude; the method of the Tantrika discipline is to raise Nature in man into manifest power of the spirit. 2. the title of a class of Indian religious works, generally of a later date than the Puranas, and repre- senting a later development of religion. Prominence is given in these works to the female energy of the deity, although the worship of the female energy had its origin in an earlier period. A majority of these numerous works are devoted to one of the manifold forms of Devi, the Shakti of Shiva. The worshippers, known as Shaktas, are divided into two classes, Dakshinacharis (right-handed) and

Vamacharis (left-handed). Tantra worship prevails chiefly in Bengal and the eastern states of India. (I & G; Dow.) (Note: During the first three or four years of his stay in Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo, in writing to the revolutionaries about their activities, often used "Tantra", "Tantrik" etc. as code words – 27: 417-77 among the references that follow.) Var: Tuntra Der: Tantric; Tantricism; Tantrik (one who practises Tantra); Tantrism  2:19 3:226, 327 4:46, 129 8:145, 212 9:168, 270 10:3, 6, 89, 501 11:449, 456 12:171, 416 13:7-8, 78, 86, 100, 509 14: 1, 43, 81, 134, 152-53, 155, 157, 163, 263, 281, 286, 294, 296, 308, 311-14, 407, 419 15: 4 16: 32, 34, 120, 269, 336 17: 28, 237, 267-70, 273 18: 84, 259 19: 837, 876 20: 30, 37-38, 382, 428, 516 21: 547, 585-87, 668 22: 3, 5, 26, 39, 72-75, 83, 85, 97-100, 109, 116, 128, 196, 250, 374, 483-84 23: 507, 992 24: 1147-48, 1150, 1180, 1257, 1515, 1539 25: 65-66, 73, 140 26: 106, 108-09, 113, 119, 133 27: 299, 308, 313, (417, 429-30, 433, 435, 438-39, 441-43, 453-54, 457-60, 462-63, 468-69, 472-73, 476-77) 11:68 V: 69 VII: 9, 22 X: 125 XI: 56 XIV: 118, 155 XV: 21, 24 XVI: 134-35 XVII: 9-10, 27, 51 XVIII: 152 XIX: 57, 69-70, 76, 78, 80 XXI: 29

Tantrasara a treatise on Tantra written by Maheshvaracharya Abhinav Gupta (fl. 10th cent.), an all-round scholar of Tantra, philosophy, grammar, and even dance. (H.V.K.)  17:273

Tanyth the terrible Mother like Kali2 of the Hindus; the goddess of war. (A)  3: 477-79

Tao (Chinese: "road" or "way"), a fundamental concept in ancient and still flourishing Chinese philosophies that signifies "the correct way" or "Heaven’s way". Tao is the One, the Beginning and the End, - he contains all things and to him all things return. Tao is both Being and Non-Being. (Enc. Br.; M.I..Jan., ’79) 9:238 13: 528 17: 24 22: 62, 64, 119, 235 XI: 16-17

Taoist follower of Taoism, one of the major religio-philosophical traditions that have shaped Chinese life for more than 2, 000 years. Characterized by a positive, active attitude toward the occult and the meta-physical (ultimately real), Taoism in- cludes the ideas and attitudes peculiar to Lao-tzu, the 6th-century BC founder of the religion, as well as of his later commentators Chuangtzu and Lieh-tzu, all of whom influ- enced the ritual worship of the Tao (the Way). (Enc.Br.)  13: 527-28 22: 118-19 26: 483

Tapas; Tapoloka world of infinite Will or conscious force; the second of the three supreme worlds of the Hindu cosmology in the Puranic formula. (A; Dow.) a 4:29 10:42, 171, 197 11:23 12:122, 515 17:29, 62 22: 252 XV: 26. 33, 46 XVI: 144-45, 155

Tapoloka See Tapas

Tapti a river of central India. It rises in the Garwilghar Hills of the central Deccan Plateau and falls into the Gulf of Cambay (an inlet of the Arabian Sea). (Enc. Br.)  1: 686

Tara in Hindu mythology, wife of Brihas- pati. According to the Puranas, Soma, the Moon, carried her off; this led to a war between the gods and the Asuras. Soma was aided by Usanas, Rudra, and all the Daityas and Danavas, while Indra and the gods sided with Brihaspati. Brahma intervened and restored Tara to her husband. She was delivered of a son, and declared Soma to be his father. The child was named Budha. (Dow.) 17:259, 269 XIII: 53

Tarak in Hindu mythology, an Asura (or Titan) whose austerities gave him the strength to challenge the gods, and for whose destruction Skanda, the god of war, was miraculously born. (Dow.) a 8:126, 131

Tardival Mayor of Chandernagore around 1908. (A)  4:291

Tarpur a small town in Orissa state, west of Bhubaneswar and near about Narsinghpur andTigiria. (S.Atlas)  1: 502 4:195

Tarquin name of two of the seven kings who, according to tradition, ruled Rome before the founding of the Republic (c. 509 BC). Although some authorities believe that the Tarquins were legendary (standing for a dynasty of ancient Etruscan kings of Rome), most scholars accept two of them as his- torical figures: Tarquinius Priscus and Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. Sri Aurobindo in his early political writings refers to the latter, "Tarquin the Proud". His reign is traditionally dated from 534 to 510. Under his despotic rule all democratic legislation was repealed and many senators were put to death.

A popular uprising led to his expulsion from Rome. (Enc. Br.)  1:325, 418 2:122

Tarsus in ancient geography, the capital of Cilicia, Asia Minor, situated on the Cydnus River. It was the birthplace of the apostle Paul. The modern name of the town is Tersoos and it lies in the Turkish province of Adana. (N.C.C.H.; Enc. Am.)  23:609

(Tartars) or Tatars, collective name applied to the peoples (Turks, Cossacks, etc.) that overran parts of Asia and Europe under Mongol leadership in the 13th century. The original Tartars probably came from east central Asia or central Siberia. (Col. Enc.)  3:475 5:272 15:512

Tartarus in Greek legend, deep and sunless abyss below Hades where the Titans were confined; or the place of punishment in Hades. Sometimes it is synonymous with Hades. In Homer’s lliad the word Tartarus had been reserved for the very lowest region of the Underworld. (Col. Enc.; M. I.; Pears) Der: Tartarean  3: 487 5: 258, 445 6: 99 9: 221

Tashi Lama or Panchen Lama, a Tibetan Buddhist prelate of highest rank, second only to the Dalai Lama. The Tibetans address him as Panchen Rin-po-che (Precious Great Pundit). His official residence is Tashi Lhunpo monastery near Shigatse, from which comes the title Tashi Lama, used by Western writers. (Enc. Am.) 1-1 1: 156

Tasso, Torquato (1544-95), Italian epic poet, author of Jerusalem Delivered (1581). He was the greatest poet of the late Renais- sance, having gained this reputation im- mediately on the publication of his great work. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.)  3: 101 9: 42 X: 113

Tata, J. N. Jamsetji Nasarwanji Tata (1839-1904), Indian industrialist and philanthropist who founded ironworks and steelworks, cotton mills, and hydroelectric power plants crucial to India’s industrial development. His plants became the largest single industrial aggregate in India. (Enc. Br.)  1: 555 4: 208

Tatter a tri-weekly English periodical composed of short essays, published and chiefly written by Sir Richard Steele with contributions by Joseph Addison. Two hundred and seventy-one issues appeared in all from 1709 to 1711. Deviating from its avowed intention, it began to investigate manners and society, establishing principles of ideal behaviour and its standard of good taste. (Web.; Enc. Br.)  1:13

Tauron in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, one of Penthesilea’s captains. (A)  5: 455, 517

Taurus or the Bull, constellation of the zodiac lying between Aries and Gemini. In astrology, Taurus is the second sign of the zodiac. (Enc.Br.)  XVII: 46-47

Taygetus the highest mountain range in the Peloponnesus, southern Greece. (Col. Enc.)  5:500

Tchataldja See Chataldja

Te Deum an old Christian hymn beginning "Te Deum laudamus" (We praise thee, 0 God), sung at morning service, or on special occasions as thanksgiving. "To sing Te Deum" means "to exult". (Web.; C.O.D.)  22: 119 28: 228

Teheran or Tehran, the capital of Iran, and of Tehran ostan (province), on the southern slopes of the Elburz Mountains, sixty-two miles from the Caspian Sea. (Enc. Br.)  2:117

Telang, Kashinath (1850-93), a man of universal talent and large abilities who did not attain to the full status of his genius. Even before he was forty, he was appointed judge of Bombay High Court – the highest appointment conferred upon an Indian in those days. At the time of his death, he filled another post of great honour, that of the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bombay. He had been a member of the Education Commission of 1882. (A; D.N.B.;S.F.F.)  3:82, 89 1:29

Telugu a language of the Dravidian family, one of the four principal languages of South India, and the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh; it is spoken by some thirty-five million people. (Pears.)  10:559

Tempe ValeofTempe, narrow valley between the southern Olympus and northern Ossa Massifs of northeast Thessaly, Greece. It was sacred to Apollo and its beauty was celebrated by many ancient poets including Virgil. (Enc.Br.; Col. Enc.)  5:20

Temps Le Temps, daily evening newspaper founded in 1861 by A. Nefftzer at Paris. Later on the paper was shifted to Lyons. It played an essential role in the political life of the Third Republic of France. It was liberal in viewpoint. Le Temps stopped publication on 30 November 1942 when during World War II Lyons was occupied by the Germans. (Larousse)  27:450

Tenedos a small island off northwestern Asia Minor, in the Aegean Sea. The modern name is Bozca or

Bozcaada. (Col. Enc.; M.I.)  5: 393

Teneriffe also spelled Tenerife; an island in the Atlantic Ocean opposite the northwest coast of Africa. It is the largest of the Canary Islands, and forms part of the Santa Cruz de Tenerife province. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Tennyson, Lord Alfred (1809-92), English poet, generally regarded as the chief repre- sentative of the Victorian Age in poetry. His technique is flawless, sometimes boldly ex- perimental, his descriptive powers unique. He was appointed poet laureate in 1850. Strangely ignored early in the 20th century, Tennyson was later again recognised as a great poet. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) Der: Tennysonian  1: 422, 456 3: 19-20, 49, 51, 101, 147, 235 5:343, 345, 347 9:.2, 62, 74, 133, 135-39, 142, 173, 185, 304, 377, 456, 478, 542 14:386 17:166, 236 26:238, 255, 263, 320, 322 27: 81.86, 93 29: 754, 785 VI: 198

Ten Thousand The reference is to the famous story of the retreat of the Ten Thousand, a Greek mercenary band collected by Clearchus after the battle of Cunaxa. The Ten Thousand marched some 1, 300 miles from Sardis to Cunaxa and more than 900 from there to Trapezus. This retreat through the most rugged country, in the coldest weather, by a band of men who had practically no supplies and were much harassed by the Persians, is a striking testimony to the Greek morale. (Col. Enc.) V: 63

Teresa, Saint St. Teresa (or Theresa) of Jesus, usually known as St. Teresa ofAvila, (1515-82), a Spanish nun originally named Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada, who became one of the greatest mystics and religious organizers of the Roman Catholic Church. She was the author of several highly influ- ential spiritual classics, and the originator of the Carmelite Reform that restored and emphasized the austerity and contemplative character of primitive Carmelite life. (Enc. Br.;Enc. W.B.)  3:464 26:137

Terpander (fl. c. 647 Be), Greek poet and musician of Lesbos (an island in the Aegean Sea), the earliest definite figure to appear in the history of Greek music. He was proverbi- ally famous as a singer to the accompani- ment of the "Kithara", a seven-stringed instrument resembling a lyre, which he was said to have invented. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.)  -3: 95

Terror, The See (Reign of) Terror, The

Tertullian Ouintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus (c. 160-220), important early Christian (Carthaginian) theologian, polemicist, moralist, and initiator of Latin theological words and phrases that were significant in the West for the next 1, 000 years. He emerged as a leader of the African Church, primarily as a teacher. He founded his own sect which lasted until the 5th century in Africa. Tertullian wrote in a noteworthy manner on eschatological themes, discussing the resurrection of the dead and depicting the other world, a depiction influenced by Judeo-Christian apocalyptic images. His vision of the Millennium forms part of his eschatological discussion. (Enc. Br.; Pears)  12:486

Teucer’ in Greek legend, eponymous king of the Trojans, who are also called the Teucri. Teucer was the son of Scamander of Crete by the nymph Idaea, and father’in-law of Dardanus. (Col. Enc.; Pears) Der: Teucrian  5:415, 418, 420, 422, 427, 438, 454, 457, 461

Teucer2 in Greek legend, son of Telamon by Hesione, daughter of the Trojan king Laomedon(hence his name meaning "the Trojan"), and therefore half-brother to Ajax the Greater, to whom he was a faithful comrade. (M.I.) 5:480

Teuton member of the Germanic peoples (including, in its widest sense, Scandinavians and Anglo-Saxons as well as the German races). "Teutonic", as a noun, means-the languages of the Teutons collectively; they include High and Low German and Scandinavian. See also Nordic. (C.O.D.) Der: Teutonic; Teutonised 1: 23 2: 32, 410 3: 67, 144, 180, 188, 305, 481 9: 42, 47. 49-50, 86, 96, 239, 396 10: 24 12: 397 13: 53 14: 7, 20, 375, 377, 397 15: 34, 41, 43, 45, 69, 86, 92, 147, 282, 290, 293, 296-97, 305, 320, 378, 410-11, 417, 502-03, 521 16: 225, 356 17: 196 27: 466 VI: 191 XIV: 145 XVI: 181

Texas a state of south-central U.S.A. It was annexed from the Mexicans and admitted to the Union in 1845. It is the second largest state after Alaska, and its capital is Austin. (Enc.Br.)  15:508

Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811-63), English Victorian novelist whose work, during his lifetime and for long afterward, was considered equal or superior to that of his fellow-novelist Charles Dickens. (Enc. Br.)  3:93

Thaliard name of an imaginary person used by Sri Aurobindo in a poem. 5:173, 175, 177-80, 182

Thames the principal river of England. It rises in the Cots wolds and winds 210 miles eastward through London to the North Sea. (Enc. Br.)  4: 25

Thamyris in Greek mythology, a Thracian poet who loved the beautiful youth Hyacin- thus. Thamyris’ attentions, however, were rivalled by those of the god Apollo, who jealously reported to the Muses the boast by Thamyris that he could surpass them in song. Upon hearing the claim, the Muses immedi- ately blinded Thamyris and robbed him of his voice and his talent. (Enc. Br.)  26:245 29:791, 807

Thea a Greek word meaning "goddess", used by Sri Aurobindo for the name of a river, 5: 34

Thebes major city and power of ancient Greece, in eastern Boeotia northwest of Athens. It was the seat of the legendary king Oedipus and the locale of many of the ancient Greek tragedies. See also Cadmeian Thebes. (Col. Enc.) Der: Theban  1:178 5:14, 422, 469, 479-80, 484, 486, 508, 608 6:350, 361, 366, 380, 462

Themis in Greek mythology, a Titaness who came to personify law and justice. The name probably meant "the fixed or firm one". (M.I.) 0 5:495, 510-11 16:125, 162 XV: 15

Themistoclean relating to Themistocles (c. 524 – c. 460 BC), Athenian politician and naval strategist, creator of Athenian sea-power, and the chief savi our of Greece from subjection to the Persian Empire in 480 BC. (Enc. Br.)  26: 326

Theocritus (c. 310-250 BC), Alexandrian Greek poet, the creator of pastoral poetry. (Enc. Br.) 1-1 5: 346 9: 379

Theon Max Theon, a European occultist long resident in the town ofTlemcen in Algeria, to whom Mirra Alfassa (the Mother) went On two occasions, probably in 1905 and 1906, to receive instruction and guidance. She had been reading a journal called La Revue Cosmique, published by his disciples in Paris.

 Theon may have come to Paris in 1904 and met her there. He was perhaps a Polish or Russian Jew, "who had to leave his country for that reason". His wife Alma, an Irish- woman, was also an adept in occultism.

(Agenda I, p. 219; Mother-1)  24: 1238 25: 372

Theosophical Society a society founded in New York (U.S.A.) by Madame Blavatsky and Col. H. S. Olcott in 1875. (William Quan Judge was also associated.) Later on (in 1886) its headquarters were moved to Adyar, a suburb of Madras, in India. The Society became a great force in Indian life and politics after its great protagonist Mrs. Annie Besant came and settled in India in 1893. Ultimately it had little success as a religious sect in India, but "it has done valuable service in appealing to the imagi- nations of men both in India and Europe" (XIII: 32). The objects of the Society are to form a nucleus of a universal brotherhood of humanity; to give encouragement to the study of comparative religions, philosophies, and sciences; and to carry on investigation of the laws of nature and of man’s latent powers. (D.I.H.; A; Col. Enc.)  XIII: 25, 29, 32

Theramenes’ name taken by someone who broke in from time to time in the automatic writing done by Sri Aurobindo in Calcutta in 1909-10. Historically, Theramenes was a controversial Athenian politician and general who died in 404/403 BC. (A; Enc. Br.)  26:65

Theramenes2 a character – a captain of the Syrian army – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune.  6: 333, 340, 410, 428-29, 455

Theras a character – a captain of the Syrian army – in Sri Aurobindo play Rodogune.  6: 333, 408-09, 412, 421-22, 452, 455-56, 459

Theresa name of a "guide" that, according to Ram(a)chandra, appeared in the auto- matic writing done by Sri Aurobindo in Calcutta (1909-10). This was denied by Sri Aurobindo. (A)  26:65

Thermopylae a narrow pass in Greece, nine miles south-southeast of Lamia, between the cliffs of Mt. Oeta and the impassable morass on the shore of the Malic Gulf. During the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC by a vast army under Xerxes I, the Spartan king Leonidas, with 300 Spartans and some 000 others (according to another account 00 Thespians), died fighting to defend the •ass. This battle became celebrated in history and literature as an example of heroic resistance against great odds. Sri Aurobindo alludes to it to describe the hopeless plight of Moderatism at the Lahore Convention. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) D 2:330

Therops a character – a popular leader of Syria – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer, 6:3, 101, 103, 108-09, 114, 117-18, 120-24, 134-39, 143-45, 147-50, 166-67, 169-73, 175-76, 186-87

Thessalian ofThessaly, the largest ancient division of Greece, north of Boeotia, south of Macedonia and bordering on the Aegean Sea. Ancient Thessaly was almost walled in by mountains, including Pindus and Oeta. (Col.Enc.;M.I.)  5:475, 516

Thetis in Greek legend, a Nereid, mother of Achilles. She was loved by Zeus and Poseidon, but because of a prophecy that her son would be greater than his father, the gods gave her in marriage to a mortal, PELEUS. (Col. Enc.)  5: 474, 489 9: 315 VI: 134

Thiordis in Sri Aurobindo’s drama Eric, a dancing-girl of Gothberg who was loved by Olaf, then earl of Trondhjem. She was the mother of Hertha. (A)  6:515, 526, 532

This Errant Life a poem by K. D. Sethna, composed in 1930. a 26:271

Thoas a character – a captain of the Syrian army – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune. 6:333, 349-51, 357-58, 394, 396-97, 399-400, 402-03, 405, 410, 413, 426, 429-30, 435-36, 442, 452, 455, 461-62, 464-65, 468

Thompson, Francis (1859-1907), English poet of the Aesthetic movement of the 1890s, and author of the famous poem The Hound of Heaven. A Catholic with a deep religious sense, he expressed his mysticism in brilliant imagery and sonorous language which more than compensated for his lack of originality in thought. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.)  9:2, 482, 538 26:255, 258-61 29: 797, 799

Thomson, James (1700-48), British poet whose best verse foreshadowed some of the attitudes of the Romantic movement. He wrote a few plays also. His most important work is the poem Seasons (see Seasons2). (Enc. Br.) Der: Thomsonian  3: 252-53 9: 92 I: 12 II: 11-12, 14-16

Thor in Germanic religion, Norse god of thunder, hence of might and war. He was the eldest and strongest of the sons of Odin. His chariot wheels made the thunder. Armed with his magical hammer which returned when thrown, with his belt of strength, and with his iron gloves he was an implacable foe to the harmful race of giants but benevolent toward mankind. Thor’s cult was the chief religious interest of the Norse. (Col. Enc.) 5: 112 6: 477, 484, 511, 521, 535, 555 7: 885-87 10; 183 17; 257

Thorbum, John M. -a writer who contributed an article on "Art and History" to the sec- ond number of Shama’a, reviewed by Sri Aurobindo in A rya. (A)  17:316

Thorn German name of the Polish Torun, a city in northwest Poland, on the Vistula River. (Col. Enc.)  27: 466

Thomhill the Officiating Chief Presidency Magistrate at whose court Sri Aurobindo made his statement in connection with the search of his residence. (A;A&R, X: 195)  4: 263-64

Thoughts and Aphorisms a book published in 1958 from unrevised manuscripts of Sri Aurobindo. A revised edition of the book came out in 1977; this included seven more aphorisms. These writings belong to the early part of Sri Aurobindo’s stay in Pondicherry; some of them were published in Arya in 1915 and 1916. (Publishers’ Note in 1977 edition) a I: 59

Thought the Paraclete a poem in a new metre by Sri Aurobindo, written on 31 December 1934. (A)  5:587 24:1155 26:252, 258, 274-75 29: 797

Thousand and One Nights The Thousand and One Nights, title of the original transla- tion of The Arabian Nights Entertainment by Antoine Galland, a French Oriental scholar. It is this book which made the fascinating stories known in Europe. (See also Arabian Nights) (Pears)  1:7

Thrace ancient country east of Macedonia, bordering on the Aegean and the Black Sea and extending north to the Danube. In the Trojan War, the Thracians, under their prince RHESUS were allies of Troy. (Enc. Br.;M.I.) Der: Thracian  5:393, 405, 416, 435 15: 287, 367 XV: 20

Thrasyllus in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune, name of a person who seems to be a supporter of Timocles.  6:411-12

Thrasymachus in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, a young Trojan warrior bidden by Deiphobus to waken Aeneas when Talthybius arrives. He is the son of Aretes. (M.I.)  5: 384, 397-99, 461

Thretaon in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, a Phthian warrior killed in battle by Valarus. (M.I.)  5: 518-19 VI: 135

Thucydides a historian of Athens who flourished in the second half of the 5th century BC, and is considered the greatest of Greek historians. He wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War, the 5th-century BC struggle between Athens and Sparta. (Enc. Br.)  3: 97

Thule a Greek and Roman name for the most northerly land in the world, which Pytheas heard of and perhaps reached c. 300 BC; probably Norway or Iceland. See also Ultima Thule. (Enc. Br.; M.I.) 5:429

Thyestean relating to Thyestes who was, in Greek legend, son of Pelops and brother of Atreus. He seduced his own daughter un- knowingly and had by her a son, Aegisthus. When Atreus, in revenge for Thyestes’ seduction of Atreus’ wife, served all the sons of Thyestes except Aegisthus to him at a feast, the horrified father pronounced the curse which brought misfortune to the house of Atreus. (Col. Enc.)  5:436

Tiberius Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Augustus (42 BC- AD 37), second Roman emperor (AD 14-37), who greatly strength- ened the institution of the principate, but was vilified as a vicious tyrant by Roman historians. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.)  3:70, 459

Tibet a country in central Asia, formerly independent, now under China. It is largely a plateau, and is at a loftier elevation than any other region in the world, its lowest plains being 12, 000 ft. above sea-level. It is called "the roof of the world". (Col. Enc.; Pears) Der: Tibetan  1: 156, 260, 396 2: 413 14: 240, 349, 431 15: 355, 502, 567 22: 215, 483 26: 416

Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines a book by Dr. W. Y. Evans-Wentz, first published in 1935 by Oxford University Press.  22: 67

Tiglath-pileser Tiglath-pileser I or III. Tiglath-pileser I, one of the greatest of the early kings of Assyria (reigned c. 1115 to c. 1077 BC), defeated the Babylonians, expelled the Mushki invaders from Assyrian Armenia, and campaigned as far west as the coast of the Mediterranean. Tiglath-pileser III (reigned 744 to 727 BC) inaugurated the last and greatest phase of Assyrian expansion. (Enc. Br.)  XIII: 44

Tigris a river of southwestern Asia, rising in the Taurus Mountains in East Turkey and flowing mostly in Iraq to its confluence with the Euphrates to form the Shatt-al-Arab. (Col.Enc.;Web.N.C.D.)  5:414 6:354, 380

Tilak a character – representing Bal Ganga- dhar Tilak – in "The Slaying of Congress", a tragedy by Sri Aurobindo, published in Bande Mataram (February 1908).  1:’ 673-74. 676, 679-85, 687-91, 693-97

Tilak, (Lokamanya) Bal Gangadhar (1856- 1920), Indian scholar, mathematician, philosopher, and militant nationalist who helped to lay the foundation of India’s independence. His implacable hostility to British domination led to long periods of imprisonment in British jails. He edited two journals named Maratha (English) and Kesari (Marathi). His monumental works, Gita-Rahasya, Orion, and The Arctic Home in the Vedas, have won worldwide recogni- tion. "Lokamanya", meaning "respected by the people", is an epithet that he earned from the people. Sri Aurobindo and Tilak met in 1902 or earlier and were closely associated as leaders of the Indian national movement until 1908, during which year both were arrested. Tilak was released in 1914 and until his death on 1 August 1920 again played a prominent role in India’s freedom struggle. (Enc. Br.;D.I.H.) Der: Tilakite  1: 140-41, 147, 157-58, 163, 166-71, 193, 195-96, 245-46, 281, 292, 329, 334, 336, 348, 352, 475, 533, 571-72, 583-88, 590-91, 618-19, 634-35, 638, 746, 755, 787, 819, 823, 826, 828, 850 2: 62, 75-76, 147, 194, 281, 297-98, 314, 347, 392 4: 178, 183, 189, 199, 263 10: 24, 28 16: 407 17: 265-66, 291, 348-57, 359, 361-62, 364-66 26: 22, 25, 27-28, 31, 41, 45, 47-49, 65, 390, 429, 433, 438 27: 33, 36-40, 42-43, 62, 66, 490, 500 V: 100 VIII: 124, 127 X: 186 XVII: 67

Tilottama in Hindu mythology, a nymph of heaven.  5:190, 195, 201, 203-05 X: 163

Tilottama Tilottamasambhab (1860), a narrative poem in Bengali blank verse by Michael Madhusudan, on the story of Sunda and Upasunda. (Enc. Br.)  3:96-97

Timbuctoo Timbuktu or Timbouctou, a city in the West African state of Mali on the Niger, historically important as a post on the trans-Saharan caravan route and as a centre of Islamic culture between c. 1400 and 1600. The word is used jocularly for an extremely remote or uninteresting place. (Enc. Br.)  1: 415

The Times a poem by Charles Churchill, published in 1764. (Ox. Comp.)  II: 19

Times See London Times, or Times of India, or Madras Times, or Times Literary Supple- ment according to the context.

Times Literary Supplement English weekly, supplement to The Times (London), initiated in 1902. (Enc.Br.)  26:246, 252, 254, 256 29:792

Times of India English daily newspaper published from Bombay (now also from Delhi and Ahmedabad). It was founded in 1838 and was originally named the Bombay Times; in 1861 the name was changed to The Times of India. It was perhaps the only Anglo-Indian paper to deal with the Indian questions from the Indian point of view. It still continues the same tradition. (Enc. Br.; Cal.Lib.)  1:373, 459, 481-82, 492, 555, 865 2:75, 371 4:199 27:71, 73, 75

Timocles a character – twin brother of Antiochus and son of Cleopatra — in Sri Aurobindo’s drama Rodogune.  6: 333, 339, 341, 347, 350-52, 357-58, 360-63, 366-71, 373-77, 380, 385-90, 392, 394, 396-98, 400, 402-03, 405-06, 408-12, 418-25, 432, 436, 438-47, 449, 455, 460-61, 463-69

Timon of Athens a play (first performed 1607/08) by Shakespeare dealing with a wealthy Athenian nobleman famed for his lavish generosity. Shakespeare does not seem to be the sole author of this play. (Enc. Br.)  9: 474

Tinkari Sheela a character – a wealthy man - in the Bengali story "Swapna" (Dream) written by Sri Aurobindo.  4:11-12, 15-16

Tinnevelly See Tiru-nel-veli

Tintoretto real name: Jacopo Robusti (1518-94), Italian painter; one of the greatest Mannerist painters of the Venetian school and one of the most important artists of the late Renaissance. He was famed for the speed with which he painted his canvases. He executed with the aid of assistants the great "Paradise", reputed to be the largest oil canvas in the world (30 ft. x 74 ft.), which includes over 500 figures. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.)  14: 203, 247

Tipperah former name of Comilla district of Bengal (now in Bangladesh). (Enc. Br.)  1: 212, 263, 357, 369 27: 47

Tiraschi a VedicRishi, descendant of Arigiras. (M.W.)  XIII: 55

Tiresias in Greek mythology, a celebrated blind prophet of Thebes. According to one legend he was blinded when he saw Athene bathing; feeling sorry for him she granted him prophetic powers. Another story has it that Hera blinded him, and Zeus gave him prophetic powers in compensation. Tiresias is mentioned throughout Greek literature and

is said to have foretold most great events of Greek mythology. (Col. Enc.)  5:608 26:245 29:791, 807

Tiru-nel-veli Tirunelveli, formerly spelled Tinnevelly, administrative headquarters of the district of the same name in Tamil Nadu state (formerly in the province of Madras). (Enc.Br.)  1:761, 778, 793, 805 17:373

Tirupati a disciple of Sri Aurobindo from Vijayanagaram (Andhra Pradesh) and an inmate of the Ashram for some time. Tirupati had certain experiences, but he reacted to them in the wrong way, and, despite help from Sri Aurobindo, eventually went mad. He was sent away from the Ashram in 1926. (Eve. T., pp. 316-17) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. ’27}

Tiruvalluvar famous Tamil poet of South India, author of Tirukkural (see Kural). Everywhere in this work the author’s mas- tery of the art of versification is manifest. Nothing definite is known about the personal life of the poet. He perhaps lived in the 3rd century AD, though some scholars put him a little later. (Gaz.-II)  8:397 14:256, 317, 321 17:319

Tiru-vaymoli "The Sacred Utterance", a work of the Tamil poet Nammalwar, containing more than a thousand verses. (A)  17:374

Tiryn’s misspelling for Tiryns’. Tiryns was an ancient city in northeastern Peloponnesus, near Argos. It was the home of Diomedes, who led the Tirynthian contingent against Troy. The modern spelling of the name is Tirins. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.; M.I.)  5: 487

Tirynthian in Greek legend, an epithet of Diomedes, who came from Tiryns. (M.I.)  5:478

Tishya Tisya occurs twice in the Rig-veda, apparently as the name of a star (see Pushya) though Sayana takes it to mean the sun. It is doubtless identical with the Avestan Tistrya. Later the term became the name of a lunar mansion. (V. Index) a III: 36

Titaghur Mills The Titaghur Paper Mills, one of the oldest paper mills of India, loca- ted near Calcutta and still famous for its paper. (Note: Titagarh is a town in 24- Parganas district of Jalpaiguri division in the state of West Bengal). (Enc. Br.)  27:462

Titan(ess) in Greek mythology, one of a family of gigantic beings, the twelve pri- mordial children of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth); also certain of the offspring of these Titans. The names of the twelve Titans, the ancestors of the Olympian gods, were Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, lapetos, Theia, Rhea,