-24_Glossary and Index Page 290 to 305.htm

Sen, Saroda Charan a teacher in Jessore Zilla School; he was arrested on 29 August 1907 as manager of Sandhya. (P.T.I.; A.B.T., p. 96) n 1:579

Sen, Upen Upendranath Sen of Barisal. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Sena an Indian dynasty that ruled in Bengal in the llth and 12th centuries. The Sena kings made Bengal a united and powerful kingdom, promoted Sanskrit learning and were the patrons of poets like Jayadeva. Sena rule in Bengal also brought about a marked revival of orthodox Hinduism. (Enc.Br.;D.I.H.)  14:331 1:22

Sen Gupta, Naresh Chandra (1882-1964), professor of law at Dacca University and later at Calcutta University; author of about 60 books, which include not only books on law but also literary writings – essays, stories, dramas, novels, etc. In his earlier life he was a well-known Congress worker and took part in the agitation against the Partition of Ben- gal. Later he was president of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Party (1925-26), the Labour Party of India (1934), and other organi- zations and committees. (S.B.C.) 1:161, 165

Sennacherib (d. 681 Be), king of Assyria (704-681 BC) , son of Sargon II. He rebuilt the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, and is probably the best known of the Assyrian kings because of the stories about him in the Bible. (Enc. Br.) a XIII: 44

Seraj gunge Sirajganj, a town in Pabna district of Rajshahi division, Bengal (now in Bangladesh). (Enc. Br.) a 1:212, 216, 218, 327

Seraphim See "Cherubim and Seraphim".

Serbia formerly a kingdom, now a constitu- ent (autonomous) republic of Yugoslavia. Its capital, Belgrade, is also the capital of Yugoslavia. Serbia is the largest of the Yugoslav republics. (Until 1914 it was generally spelled Servia.) (Col. Enc.; C.O.D.) Der: Serb; Serbian; Servian D 15:287, 295, 301, 375, 467, 502, 505 27: 469 XX: 147

Sergi an Italian ethnologist to whom Sri Aurobindo refers when writing about the Aryan race. (A) Var: Serji  17:298 XV: 18 XVII: 37

Seriphos’ an island in the Aegean Sea, to which, according to a Greek legend, Danae and her son Perseus drifted in a boat that had been set afloat on the sea without sail or oar. (A)  6: 1, 26, 174, 199

Serji See Sergi

Sermon on the Mount a biblical collection of ethical sayings of Jesus of Nazareth. It occurs in Matthew, chapters 5-7, as a discourse addressed to his disciples and a large crowd of people to guide them in a life based on a new law of love, even towards enemies, as opposed to the old law of retribution. (Enc. Br.)  5: 366 -

Servia(n) See Serbia

Seshanaga in Hindu mythology, king of the serpent race or Nagas, and of the infernal region called Patala. Seshanaga upholds the world on his thousand hoods and is the couch on which Vishnu sleeps during the intervals between creations. (Dow.)  27: 159

Shacoontala; Shac(o)untala See Shakuntala

The Shadowy Waters a play (1900) by W. B. Yeats. (Ox. Comp.) a 9: 533

Shahjahan (1592-1666), the fifth Moghul emperor of India (1628-58); he is most renowned as the builder of the Taj Mahal. (Enc.Br.;D.I.H.) D 1:315

Shahnameh "Book of Kings", a celebrated work (1010) by the Persian epic poet Fir- dausi, in which the Persian national epic found its final and enduring form. Written for Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, it is a poem of nearly 60, 000 verses, a history of the kings of Persia from mythological times to the mid-7th century (nearly a thousand years). (Enc. Br.) n 26: 233

Shaibya’ descendant of the Rishi Sibi. n 12:295

Shaibya2 in the Mahabharata, name of one of the two horses drawing the chariot of Sri Krishna. (M.N.) a 8:29

Shaibya3 in the Mahabharata, king of the country called Shibi. He was father-in-law of Yudhishthira, and in the great battle sided with the Pandavas. (M.N.) D 4: 75

Shaibya Satyakama a Rishi named Satyakama who was a descendant of Sibi. D 12:295, 309 14:276

Shaila the main female character in Sarat Chandra’s novel Nishkriti. o 9:467

Shaiva follower of the cult of the god Shiva, one of the three principal forms of modern Hinduism (followers of the other two are called Vaishnavas and Shaktas). The Shaivas worship Shiva as the paramount deity and maintain that the other two deities of the Trinity, Brahma and Vishnu, are subordinate to Shiva or merely his aspects. There are several schools of modern Shaiva thought, ranging from pluralistic realism to absolute monism, but they all agree in recognizing three principles: pati or God; pasu or the individual soul; mdpdsa or the bonds that confine the soul to earthly existence. The goal is set for the soul to get rid of the bonds and gain saivatva (the nature of Shiva). (Enc. Ind.; Enc. Br.) Der: Shaivism; Shaivite a 3:226-27 4:46 9:245 14:81, 256, 316, 319 15: 165 17: 277, 279-82 22: 129-30, 443 23: 977 27: 299-300 XVII: 27 XVIII: 152

Shaivya In the text of the Gita, the name is Saibya (see Shaibya3). D 8: 77

Shakas See Saka(s)

Shakespeare, William (1564-1616), English poet and dramatist, widely regarded as the greatest writer of all time. His plays, written in the late 16th and early 17th centuries for a small repertory theatre, are today performed more often and in more countries than ever before. Ben Jonson’s prophecy that he "was not of an age, but for all time" has been mar- vellously fulfilled. The majority of scholars accept 38 plays, 154 sonnets, and 2 heroic narrative poems as the work of Shakes- peare. (Enc. Br.) Der: Shakespearian D 1:156, 266, 601, 704, 906 2:222 3:69, 87, 93, 101, 106, 108, 156, 185-87, 217, 222, 230-31, 233-35, 248, 251-53, 263, 276, 282, 284-85, 417, 454 4: 190, 284 5: 43, 365-67, 586-87 7: 855 9: 6, 28, 30, 37, 44, 62, 64-68, 70-73, 78-80, 82, 92, 105-06, 111, 113, 141, 159, 161, 163, 168-75, 180, 191-92, 206, 226, 230, 246, 277-78, 281, 297, 302-05, 310-11, 313-14, 316, 333-34, 344, 358, 366, 368, 373, 378-79, 381, 387, 396, 407, 420-21, 425, 455, 472, 476-80, 485, 487, 495, 521-24.526, 540, 548, 551, 560 12: 30, 36-39, 41-42, 45, 470, 476-77, 481 14: 66, 192, 200, 219-20, 257, 304 17: 96.384 18: 299 22:395, 423, 445, 469, 496-97 23:520 24:1637 26:67, 134, 181, 238, 250-51, 262, 266, 310-11, 314, 320, 322-23, 325, 330-40, 346 27: 51, 80-81, 86, 89, 107, 207, 248, 261, 419 29: 744-45, 751, 757-58, 785, 795-96, 800, 802-03, 805, 807-08, 815 1:10-11, 27, 40, 42 II: 13, 15 IV: 109 VI: 198 VII: 49 IX: 42, 45 X: 114, 146, 158, 169, 172 XVII: 55

Shakra a name of Indra. (Dow.) D [Indexed with Indra]

S(h)akta ‘ worshipper of the Hindu supreme goddess, Shakti ("power", "energy"), also referred to as Devi. Shaktism is one of the three major forms of modern Hinduism. In popular worship Shakti is known by many names. In her beneficent aspect she is known variously as Uma, Parvati, and Ambika. In her fierce, destructive aspect she is repre- sented as Kali and the demon-destroying Durga. Shaktism is especially popular in Bengal and Assam, and is inseparably related to Tantric Hinduism. (Enc. Br.) Der: Shaktism a 9: 245 13: 346 14: 137 15: 4 17: 269 22:39, 130 27: 459 IX: 26 XV: 29 XVII: 27 XVIII: 152

Shakuntala’ in Hindu mythology, daughter of Vishwamitra by the nymph Menaka. She was abandoned in a forest and found by the Rishi Kanwa, who brought her up in his hermitage as his own daughter. The love, marriage, separation, and re-union of Sha- kuntala and Dushyanta are the subject of Kalidasa’s drama Abhljnana Sakuntalam. (Dow.) Var: Shacoontala; Shacountala; Shacuntala a 2:399 3:231.280-81, 306 7: 748 14: 192 27: 150, 152 X: 166-67 XIII: 53

Shakuntala2 William Jones’ English translation (1789) of the story of Kalidasa’s Shakuntala (Abhljnana Sakuntalam) - one of the earliest Indie works translated into a Western language. Modern and Western interest in Kalidasa began with this transla- tion. (Enc. Br., Macro, Vol. 10, p. 376) a 27:163

Shakuntala Abhljnana Sakuntalam, "The Recognition of Shakuntala", the most fam- ous of Kalidasa’s dramas, usually judged the best Indian literary effort of any period. See also Shakuntala’. (Enc. Br., Macro., Vol. 10) Var: Shacountala, Shacuntala a 3: 94, 227, 240, 246, 251, 261-62, 287-88, 303, 323 9: 432 14: 47, 305 27: 101, 106 I: 29 X: 171, 175

Shalwa (Salva), in the Mahabharata, name of a country in western India; also the name of its king or its people. (Dow.) Der: Shalwaian a 8: 41 29: 403, 424, 428, 466

Shama’a English quarterly magazine of art, literature, and philosophy edited by Mrina- lini Chattopadhyaya and published from Madras. The second number of the magazine was reviewed by Sri Aurobindo in Arya. (A) a 17: 313, 323

Sham Babu See Chakravarti, Shyam Sundar

Shambara See Sambara

Shams-ul-Alam an Inspector and later Deputy Superintendent of the Bengal police (C.I.D.). As the police officer assisting Barrister Norton, he played a leading part in the Alipore Bomb Case and in the investiga- tion of two dacoities. In January 1910 he was shot dead in broad daylight within the pre- cincts of the Calcutta High Court by Biren- dranath Datta Gupta. (A; P.T.I.; A.B.T.; C.W.N.-VII, p. 397) Var: Shamsul Alam  2:375, 377 4:260, 294, 296 26:62, 70

Shandilya (Sandilya), the patronymic of several teachers who were descendants of Sandila. The most important of them is the sage cited several times as an authority in the Satapatha Brdhmana. (V. Index) a 12:442

Shandilya Upanishad an Upanishad of the Atharva Veda. (Up. K.)  20:358

Shani See Saturn

Shankar(a)’ See Shankaracharya

Shankara2 a name of Shiva in his beneficent aspect or as chief of the Rudras. (Dow.) D [Indexed with Shiv(a)]

Shankaracharya (fl. 8th cent.), Indian philosopher and theologian, most famous exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy called Mayavada (Illusionism). He is the source of many of the main cur- ents of modern Indian thought. A native of Kerala, his travels extended as far as Kashmir. He established several maths (monasteries). His writings include numerous commentaries on Hindu scriptures. Shankara died in the Himalayas at the early age of thirty-two. (Enc. Br.; Dow.) Var: Sankar; Shankar(a) Der: Shankarites a i: 339, 537, 704, 714 3:110-12, 116, 173, 214, 222, 227, 338, 344, 369, 461 4: 43-44, 47-50, 90, 128-29, 143, 245, 328 5:153 8:212, 383 9:381 10:547 12: 33, 53, 63-64, 134, 264, 281, 284, 397-98, 407, 427-29, 433-34, 436-39, 457-61, 465-66, 470, 473-74, 510-11 13:78, 85, 301 14:21, 69, 71, 132, 136, 181, 191, 308-09, 359 16: 292, 428 17: 49, 68, 115, 165-66, 180, 182-83, 265, 267, 292-93, 383 18: 7, 415, 454, 461, 464 19: 763 20: 259 22: 39, 41-43, 50, 54-56, 62, 65-66, 82, 85, 92-93, 210, 381, 402-04, 407, 456 23: 529, 682 24:1388 25:61 26:81, 104, 106, 135-36, 163 27: 236, 240-41, 248, 256, 299, 301, 303-04, 310, 314, 318, 321-22, 456, 475 II: 63, 67, 71, 76-78 III: 80 IV: 163 VI: 156-57, 164-66, 173-77 VII: 3, 13 VIII: 168, 171-72, 178, 181, 185-86, 194 IX: 17-19, 29-30, 61 X: 159, 164 XIII: 9, 24 XIV: 120, 124, 127, 132-33, 138-39, 144 XV: 4, 43 XVI: 132, 184 XVII: 4, 24, 31, 33, 37, 41 XVIII: 152, 154-56

Shankaritola See Sankaritola

Shanks, Edward an English poet of the early 20th century, 26: 345

Shantanu in the Mahabharata, a king of the Lunar dynasty. He was the father of Bhishma, and in a sense grandfather of Dhritarashtra and Pandu. He was remark- able for his devotion and charity, modesty, constancy, and resolution. (Dow.)  3:190

Shantiniketan the seat of Visva Bharati University, founded by Rabindranath Tagore in 1922. It was started as a children’s school in 1901. At present it is a Central Govern- ment university. The town of Shantiniketan is in Birbhum district of West Bengal state, northwest of Bolpur. (Enc. Ind.)  3:431

Shantipur Santipur, a town in Nadia district of Bengal (now West Bengal state), about fifty miles north of Calcutta. (S. Atlas)  l: 151

Sharabha name of a Rishi of the Vedic period mentioned in the Rig-veda (VIII.100.6).  XIII: 60

Shanna probably the same as the following entry, 27:455

Shanna, R. S. a man who had been sent by Shyam Sundar Chakravarti to Motilal Roy in order to be introduced to Sri Aurobindo. He professed to be a nationalist and a devotee of Sri Aurobindo. Motilal accordingly sent him to Pondicherry, but Sri Aurobindo received a warning against him from within and refused to see him. He was undoubtedly a police-spy. (L.toSl.;A) a 27:431

Sharmishtha Michael Madhusudan’s first play, written in Bengali blank verse in 1858. It is a comedy based on an episode of the Mahabharata. (Enc. Br.; N. B. A.) 03:%

Shamgava a misprint for Sharngarava (Sarrigarava), a disciple of the sage Kanva in Kalidasa’s play Abhijndna Sdkuntalam. a 3:231

Shatahrida in the Ramayana, name of the mother of the Raskshasa Viradha. (A) a 8:23

Shatakratu an epithet of Indra, meaning "the god of a hundred rites". (Dow.) D 10: 508 VII: 37

Shatrughna’ in the Ramayana, a son of King Dasharath by Sumitra; the twin-brother of Lakshmana and half-brother of Rama. (Dow.) a 8: 11

Shatrughna2 the code name of an associate of Sri Aurobindo who left Pondicherry on 11 June 1913. o XXII: 147

Shatudru (Satadru or Satadru), in the Mahabharata, a river of Punjab, now called the Sutlej; one of the five rivers within the frontiers of which the Aryans originally dwelt. It rises in the Himalayas and empties into the Indus. (M.N.; A) Var: Shotodrou n 5: 246 27: 156

Shaudram See S(h)udra

Shaukat probably, Mahmud Sevket Pasa (1858-1913), Ottoman soldier and statesman who, in 1909, suppressed a religious uprising, forced the subsequent deposition of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and became grand vizier in January 1913. He was assassinated six months later. (Enc. Br.) n XXI: 65

Shaunaka a Rishi of the Bhrigu family; son of Sunaka. He was the head (Kulapati) of the ashram at Naimisaranya (see Naimisha). (M.N.) a 12: 269 VI: 136

Shauri an epithet of Krishna, a descendant of Surasena, or simply Sura. It is also used forVasudeva, father of Krishna. (M.N.; M.W.) Der: Shourian; Showrian n 8:57, 325, 352 27:83

Shavian of, or in the manner of, George Bernard Shaw, the dramatist. Der: Shavianism D 9:548.553

Shaw, Bernard George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), British writer, the most significant British playwright since the 17th century. His plays are permeated by his passion for social reform, though their prefaces are perhaps the best expression of his philosophy. Shaw was the recipient of the 1925 Nobel Prize for literature. (Enc. Br.) D 9:427, 547-53 22:413 26:325

Shayesta Khan Proconsul in Eastern Bengal & Assam, the "new province" formed in 1905. He followed a furiously repressive policy. It was met by determined resistance from the people, and Shayesta Khan was deposed in 1906. (A) a i: 132-33

Shazarath-al-Durr a songstress, mentioned in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora. a 7:599

Sheban of Sheba, an ancient kingdom mentioned in the Bible and elsewhere, supposed to be in southern Arabia. The Semitic colonization of Ethiopia was from Sheba, hence the Ethiopian tradition that Sheba was in Ethiopia (see Sahavas). The Queen of Sheba (called Balkis in Arab tradition) is said in the Old Testament (1 Kings 10) to have visited Solomon. 7: 578.

Sheffield county borough and city in West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is one of the leading industrial

centres of England, having been the chief seat of cutlery manufacture since the 14th century. (Col. Enc.) a 1: 704

Shela (Saila), in Hindu mythology, a nymph of heaven, a 5: 190

Shelley, Mrs. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797-1851), daughter of William Godwin and second wife of P. B. Shelley. As a writer, she is best known as the author of Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus (1818), perhaps the most widely known novel of terror. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) D 9:527

Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822), one of the greatest and, in his lifetime, most controversial of English romantic thinkers and poets. His reputation is based more firmly on the fresh imagery and subtle melody of his many short poems than on his longer works. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) D 3:69, 80, 101.108, 147, 291.294 5:8, 61 9: 2, 27, 53-54.74, 91-94, 100, 112.116, 125-26, 128-29, 131.133, 161-62, 171, 192, 246, 253. 273-75, 278, 304, 308, 320, 324, 331, 343, 359, 365, 378, 395-96, 421, 436-37, 472, 481, 521-22, 524, 526-29 22: 454 26: 233, 236, 256. 266-67, 320-23 27: 81, 86. 92, 156 29: 805-06 I: 9 11:12, 16 111:11 X: 141, 143-44

Shelley, Sir Timothy father of the poet P. B. Shelley. (Col. Enc.) D 3: 69

Shelsford probably Shelford, a town about two miles south of Cambridge, n 3: 65

Shepherd’s Week a series of mock classical poems in pastoral setting, by John Gay, published in 1714. (Enc. Br.) a I: 11

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (Butler) (1751-1816), British playwright, impresario, orator, and politician noted for his comedies of manners, especially The School for Scandal (1777). (Enc. Br.) 0 9:551

Sherlock Holmes a fictional character, the famous private detective who figures in a number of works by A. Conan Doyle. He was familiarized to the public by his eccen- tricities and mannerisms, his non-chalance alternating with energy, his dressing gown and hypodermic syringe, as well as his amazing mental powers. (Ox. Comp.)  1: 376 9: 561

Sheva Ekiing family deity of the royal families of Mewar and Udaipur. The temple of Ekiing built by Bappa Rawal is famous.  7:758, 762, 795, 810

Shiah one of the two major branches of Islam distinguished from the majority Sunni. In early Islamic

history it had been a political faction that supported the power of Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad and fourth caliph, over the Muslim community. It gradually developed into a religious movement. (Enc. Br.)  7: 704

Shik(h)andi in the Mahabharata, son of King Drupada. He was born as a girl and named Sikhandini, but his sex was later on changed by the Yaksha Sthunakarna. (M.N.)  4:77, 228 8: 78 22: 447

Shillong a city, formerly capital of Assam province. Presently it is the capital of the state ofMeghalaya. (Enc. Br.)  1: 135-36, 217.322, 338, 345, 373, 403, 491 2: 23, 361 II: 85-86

Shini in the Mahabharata, a Yadava hero in the line of Devamidha (father of Surasena and grandfather of Vasudeva). (M.N.) Der: Shinis (descendants of Shini)  3: 207 8: 59 IV: 115

Shintoism ancient native religion of Japan, still practised in a form modified by the in- fluence of Buddhism and Confucianism. In its present form it is not so much a religion as a set of traditional rituals and customs involving pilgrimages to famous shrines and celebrating popular festivals. (Col. Enc.)  1:67 .

Shishupal(a) in the Mahabharata, son of Damaghosa, King of Chedi, by Srutadeva, sister of Vasudeva. He was a cousin of Krishna, but became his implacable foe when Krishna carried off Rukmini, his intended wife. He was slain by Krishna at the Raja- suya sacrifice of Yudhishthira in punish- ment for his long shower of abuses at him (Krishna). (Dow.)  3:161, 190, 192, 194, 214 4: 93 8: 39 14: 372 24: 1334

Shiv(a)’ "the auspicious one"; a name of the third deity of the Hindu Trinity; he is "the Eternal’s Personality of Force" represented mostly as "the pure and white, the ascetic, the still, contemplative Yogin". The name Shiva is not found in the Vedas; however, the name Rudra occurs both in the singular and the plural. This Rudra of the Vedas developed in the course of time into Shiva, considered in the Puranic tradition mainly as the destroying or dissolving Power. He has a third eye in the middle of the forehead, a fiery glance from which once reduced

Kamadeva to ashes. In his creative aspect he is represented as a Linga (phallus), symbolis- ing the’male procreative energy in nature. It is under the form of the Linga that Shiva is mostly worshipped. His abode is on Mt. Kailash, Parvati is his spouse and the Trisula (the trident) his weapon. Of the numerous names of Shiva, those used by Sri Aurobindo and indexed here are: Hara; Mahadev(a); Maheshwara; Rudra; Shankara (A; Dow.) Var: Siva Der: Shivahood  1: 537, 892-95 2:148 3:105, 222, 226-27, 231, 243, 245, 278, 294, 309-12, 315, 384, 419-20, 428, 452 4: 1, 7, 34, 114, 165, 181, 288, 330 5: 73-74, 77, 83, 130, 140, 165, 302, 523, 546, 573, 579 6: 236, 243, 248, 283, 308 7: 986 8: 32, 44, 46, 56, 107, 118, 127, 131, 165, 206 10:333-34 11:3 12: 370-71, 375, 448, 478, 506-07 13: 38, 85, 272, 349 14: 137, 151, 153, 200, 204, 222, 232, 235, 312, 320 16:252, 278, 319, 360, 416-17 17:47-48, 59, 98, 142, 272, 279, 282, 378 18: 78, 82 20:365 21:561, 575, 708, 741 22:122, 173, 342, 390-91 23: 521, 796-97, 807, 973, 977, 1029 24: 1112, 1141 25: 76, 89, 94 26: 99, 193-94, 196, 307, 309, 356. 498 27: 103, 105, 169-70, 206, 317, 363 28: 247 29: 525 I: 20, 29, 41 111:66 IV: 149, 174, 191 V: 5, 7, 9, 12, 69 VI: 164, 193 VII: 5, 16 X: 144 XI: 14 XII: 174 XVI: 134 XVIII: 144, 146, 150 XIX: 54

Shiva2 See Subramaniya, S(h)iva

Shiva a poem in a new metre by Sri Aurobindo, composed by him on 6 November 1933 and first published in Six Poems. (A)  5:578 9:434 26:275

Shivadry probably the Siwalik Hills, the southernmost belt of the Himalayan foothills. The range proper, to which the name Siwalik was formerly restricted, is the 200 miles of foothills from Hardwar to the Beas River. (Enc. Br.) 1: 20

Shivaji (1627/30-1680), a Maratha ruler, social reformer, military leader, and ad- vocate of religious toleration. He was the founder of the independent Maratha king- dom of the Deccan against the might of Aurangzeb and the opposition of the Sultans of Bijapur and others. In 1674 he had him- self crowned at Raigarh as the independent king of Maharashtra. (Enc.Br.;D.I.H.) Var: Sivaji a 1: 127, 140,

147, 308, 380, 475, 613, 623, 739, 854 2:147, 221, 261, 411 3: 483-85 4: 96, 99, 129, 143, 147, 156 5: 279, 283, 285, 288-89, 293 12:484 14:191, 378, 380 17:350 26:25 27:51, 66-67, 353 1:4 III: 14 V: 4 IX: 1, 2

Shivaloka the heaven of the worshippers of Shiva. The abode of Shiva is said to be on Mt. Kailash.  22:110 26:114

Shiva Parana one of the eighteen major Puranas, devoted to the praise of Shiva and consisting of twelve samhitas. Var: Siva Purana  3:311-12 4:53

Shiva Singha (Rupnaraian) a name occurring in the Bengali poems of Bidyapati. He is described as the king of Mithila, and a friend of the poet. (A) Var: Roupnaraian 8: 227-28, 236, 259, 263

Shivi (Sibi), in the Mahabharata, son of Ushinara, king of the country also called Ushinara, near Gandhara. Shibi was re- nowned for his charity and his protection of the weak. To test him, the god Agni assumed the form of a pigeon and Indra that of a hawk. The pigeon, pursued by the hawk, took refuge with King Shibi. The hawk would accept in lieu of the pigeon only an equal weight of the king’s own flesh. Shibi cut piece after piece from his right thigh, but the pigeon remained heavier until the king offered his whole body to outweigh the pigeon. The gods thereupon revealed their true forms and blessed him. (Dow.; M.N.) 16: 210 22: 416 23: 790 III: 6

Shogun title of the military dictators who from the 12th century to the 19th century were the actual rulers of Japan. The title itself dates back to AD 794 and originally meant commander of the imperial armies. The overthrow of the Shogun in 1867 marked the beginning of modern Japan. (CoI.Enc.)  1:230, 568 15:352

Shoorasen in the Mahabharata, name of a people and the region they inhabited. The modern name of the region is Braja (Man- data), the country around Mathura in U.P. The people migrated south out of fear of Jarasandha. (M.N.; Dow.)  8:41

Shoorpa Surpanakha, the sister of Ravana, in the Ramayana. It is related that she was attracted by the beauty of Rama. When she made advances to him, Rama referred her to Laksmana, who in like manner sent her back to Rama. Enraged at this, Surpanakha fell upon Sita, whereupon, at Rama’s beckoning, Lakshmana cut off the Rakshasi’s nose and ears. (Dow.)  5:27

Shotodrou .See Shatudru

Shourian: Showrian See Shauri

Shrichand (1494-1543), son of Guru Nanak, and founder of the Udasi sect of Sikhism.  1:289

Shrutarvan(a) in the Veda, a generous king, sonofRjksha. (A)  11:363, 365

S(h)ruti ” learni ng by hearing", a word that came to mean "revealed scripture", the most revered body of literature in Hinduism. Works of Shruti are considered divine re- velation, heard and transmitted by sages, as contrasted to Smriti, or that which is remembered. The revealed texts encom- pass the four Vedas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads. (Enc. Br.)  4:47.49, 53 10:8.19, 546 11:1, 16 12: 59, 264, 398, 429, 447, 452, 455, 460-61, 463-66, 468-70, 472-74, 477, 479, 484, 487, 489, 506-07 13: 81-82 14: 270 17: 166 27: 303-05, 322, 369 I: 42-43 II: 69, 78 VIII: 166-67.171, 180-81 IX: 17-18 XIV: 131, 133-36, 138, 160, 162 XV: 10 XVI: 133

S(h)udra I. the lowest in rank of the Chaturvarnya of ancient India (see Brahmin). The more undeveloped human type, unintel- lectual, without force, incapable of creation or intelligent production, the man fit only for unskilled labour and menial sevice was classed as a Shudra. In later times this sec- tion of society began to be regarded as "un- touchable" and neglected, despised, and even maltreated by the higher castes. With the ushering in of the modern era of social reform, organizations like the Arya Samaj worked assiduously for the uplift of the Shudras. Gandhi gave the new name "Harijans", literally meaning "people of Hari (God)". Under the British Government of India they were designated "scheduled castes and tribes" and were given special attention and concessions, which they still enjoy. 2. When Sri Aurobindo uses the term "sudra" in the Record of Yoga, he does not refer to a certain social order (much less caste), but rather to "the Divine as service of obedience and work", "God descending entirely into the lower world and its nature". This is one of the four "types of active human personality and nature", all of which are present in varying degrees in every man. The aspect of the fourfold divine power (Chaturvyuha) that corresponds to the Shudra is Aniruddha. Der: Shaudram, i.e. Shudrahood; Shudrashakti  1:125, 235, 301, 315, 537, 632 2:12-13, 84, 426 3:453 4:58, 98, 201, 268 5:85 11:451-52 13:321, 492-94, 498, 504-06 14: 111, 143, 146, 316, 348-51, 353, 355 15: 5, 7-8, 117-18, 340, 354, 464, 628 17:121, 211 21:714, 718-19 27:359-60, 363 11:61, 66 III:5 V:2 XVIII: 134 XIX: 5, 7

Shuka(deva) in the Mahabharata, son and disciple of Vyasa who taught him the Veda and the Mahabharata. Shukadeva narrated the Bhagavata to Parikshit. (M.N.) Var: Suka  3: 145 26: 351 VI: 136

Shukra 1. in Hindu astronomy, the planet Venus (see Venus’). 2. in Hindu mythol- ogy, abbreviated name of Sukracarya, son of Bhrigu, and spiritual and political adviser of the Titans. (Dow.) Var: Sukra  17:259-62

Shunahshepa (Ajigarti) a Rishi with the patronymic Ajigarti. According to a legend in the Aitareya Brahmana, King Harish- chandra had promised to Varuna the sacrifice of his son Rohit. Rohit purchased Shunah- shepa to take his place as the sacrificial victim. Shunahshepa was in fact bound to the stake, but was released in time through the efforts of Vishwamitra. In the Rig-veda, the only mention of Sunah-sepa is a statement of his deliverance from peril of death by divine help; the Yajur-veda simply says that he was seized by Varuna but saved himself from Varuna’s bonds. (V. Index; M.N.) Var: Sunahshepa  10:154, 368, 452, 454 11: 34, 205 20: 461 VII: 32, 35 XV: 49 XVI: 162-63

Shuncou in the Mahabharata, a Kshatriya of the Yadava clan. He was a great hero. (M.N.)  8:43

Shushna in the Rig-veda, a demon associated with Vritra. He is a personification of impure and ineffective force. (Dow.; A) Var: Sushna  10: 208, 238 11: 29, 341 II: 46 VIII: 149

Shwetashwatara a Rishi to whom the Upa- nishad of this name is attributed.  12: 32, 33, 381

Shwetashwatara (Upanishad) an Upanishad of the Krsna (Black) Yajur-veda. (Up. K.)  12:29, 195, 423 VI: 170 VII: 42

Shyam(a)’ (Syama), a name of Krishna meaning "of dark complexion". D [Indexed with Krishna]

Shyama2 (Syama), "of dark complexion" (feminine), a name or form of the goddess Durga, used by Sri Aurobindo for Kali. (Apte)  25:75

Shyama (Syama), a name commonly used in conjunction with Rama to denote any two persons, V: 80

Shyamasundara a name of Krishna, "beautiful dark one". (I & G) D (Indexed with Krishna]

Shyambazar a locality in north Calcutta. It is one of the oldest sections of Calcutta. 4: 291 

Shyam (Sundar) See Chakravarti, Shyam Sundar ShyavasKwa (Atreya) a Vedic Rishi of the house of

Atri. Var: Shyavasva; Shyawashwa n 10:273, 276, 280, 290, 292, 530 11:335-36 111:32 V: 23

Siam the present kingdom of Thailand in Southeast Asia. Bangkok is its capital. Before 1939 and between 1945 and 1949 the kingdom was officially known as Siam in English-speaking countries. (Col. Enc.) 1: 261 2: 248 15:502 27: 122

Siberia a vast area of the Asiatic U.S.S.R. Although it has no official standing as a territorial division, it is generally understood to comprise the Asiatic part of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, occupy- ing the northern third of Asia. (Col. Enc.)  1: 580 15: 512 27: 123

Sibyl a poem by A.E. in which "his power of expression, always penetrating, simple and direct, is at its best". (A) 9:532

Sicily a former kingdom, presently an autonomous region of Italy, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Messina. This triangular island is the largest and most populous in the Mediterranean. (Col. Enc.)  1:505 5:28, 33, 481, 510 9:193

Siddha(deva) the second of the three highest types of the ten forms of consciousness in the evolutionary scale of man; the supreme Asura, who raises mind to the Tapas. (A; A &R, VI: 209)  VI: 184, 187, 190

Siddhar, Shair a transcription error for Stair Siddhar, "a mysterious individual" who saw Sri Aurobindo early in 1914 and whom Sri Aurobindo took to be a Frenchman. In April Siddhar left Pondicherry for Bengal, where he associated with Shyam Sundar Chakra- varti, Liaquat Husain and other nationalists. In October he was deported from India as an undesirable alien. In November he was again deported from Port Said as being a Pales- tinian Jew. (A)  27:453

Siddharthti See Buddha

Sidgwick, Henry (1838-1900), English philosopher and author remembered for his forthright ethical theory based on Utilitari- anism. He was also a founder of the Society for Psychical Research. (Enc. Br.) 1: 427

Sidhpur a small town, of some historical and religious importance, about seventy miles north of Ahmedabad in the former princely state of Baroda (now in the state of Gujarat). (A; S. Atlas)  27: 113, 116

Sidi Hossain a Muslim name used by Sri Aurobindo to denote any person of that community, 16: 92

Sidney, Sir Philip (1554-86), English courtier and poet. The ideal gentleman of his age, a master of social graces, an idealistic politician, a military leader, learned in the arts and sciences, he was, after Edmund Spenser, the best writer of English prose and verse of his generation. Sidney was one of the lum- inaries of the court of Queen Elizabeth I. (Enc.Br.)  5:343-44, 355, 358 17:82

Sidon an ancient city on the coast of Phoe- nicia, on the site of present-day Saida in Lebanon. (Col. Enc.; Web.)  5: 500 6: 13

The Siege ofMathura title of a prose fiction mentioned in the Record of Yoga in a "lipi" of 1912-13. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Sieurcaye, Mrs. See Aloyse Abelard

Sieyes, Emmanuel-Joseph (1748-1836), churchman and constitutional theorist whose concept of popular sovereignty guided the French bourgeoisie in their struggle against the monarchy and nobility during the open- ing months of the French Revolution. Al- though Sieyes enjoyed fame as a theorist, his vanity and lack of oratorical skill reduced his political effectiveness. (Enc. Br.)  XVII: 4

Sigfrid a proposed character – a Norwegian leader – mentioned in the Dramatis Personae of Sri Aurobindo’s incomplete play The House of Brut.  7:883

Sigiriya a site in Central Province, Sri Lanka; the ruins of an ancient stronghold known as the Lion Mountain that was built on a high, steep-sided rock plateau. On the mesa’s several acres of ground Kasyapa I built a palace in AD 477 as a safeguard against his enemies. (Enc. Br.)  14: 240-41

Sigurd* the Icelandic form of the name Siegfried, a great hero of Germanic myth- ology who killed Fafnir (see Fafner). He is the ideal hero, brave and true. (Col. Enc.)  10: 183

Sigurd2 a character in Sri Aurobindo’s play Eric. a 6: 481, 539, 541, 557

Sikhism a non-sectarian monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in the late 15th century. The followers of this religion, most of whom are from the Punjab in north- west India, are called Sikhs. The ninth and last guru of the Sikhs, Guru Govind Singh,

transformed the peaceful Sikh community into a militant body determined to resist Mohammedan aggression and atrocities. The Sikhs accept the Adi Granth as their one canonical scripture and their "living" Guru. (D.I.H.)  1:198, 303.308, 394, 481, 815 2: 245 3: 331 4: 140, 171, 247 14: 125, 129, 132, 187, 319, 368, 378, 380 15: 18, 354 27:435 IX: 1, 2 XV: 62-63

Simla (now spelled Shimla) a hill-station in the lower Himalayas, administrative headquarters of the district of Simla, and capital of the state of Himachal Pradesh. From 1865 to 1939 it served as India’s summer capital. (Enc. Br.)  1: 400, 409-10, 491, 607, 627, 631 2: 23, 124, 255, 290

Simois a small river in northwestern Turkey, near ancient Troy; it is a tributary of the Scamander. (M.I.)  5:391-92, 463

Simon de Montfort (c. 1208-65), Anglo- Norman statesman. Earl of Leicester; he led opposition to Henry III, and later instigated the Barons’ War (1263-67) and established the Great Parliament of 1265, in which the modem system of representation had its origin. (P.P.)  l: 46

Simonides  Simmonides of Ceos (c. 556- 468? Be), Greek lyric poet and epigramma- tist. Only fragments of his work survive, but they contain some of the finest specimens of ancient Greek poetry. (Col. Enc.)  3:235 1:24

Simultala a small town in central Bihar.  1: 397

Sinai Mount Sinai is a mountain on the triangular Sinai Peninsula, which is the easternmost part of Egypt. It is traditionally considered to be the mountain on which Moses received the Ten Commandments. However, some authorities deny this and suggest instead that the nearby Jebel Serbal was intended. (Col. Enc.) 5: 8 15: 425

Sind(h) the valley of the Indus below its confluence with the Jhelum. It witnessed the birth and collapse of a pre-historic civilization in about 3000 BC of which many relics have been discovered at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and other sites. Under British rule Sind was administered as a part of the Bombay Presidency until April 1936, when it was made into a separate province having Karachi as its capital. After the par- tition of India in 1947 Sind became a part of Pakistan. (D.I.H.) a 1:645 3:215 26: 409 XVIII: 136

Sindhia See Scindia

Sindhu’ in the Mahabharata, a country along the River Indus (which is also known as the Sindhu in Sanskrit). Its inhabitants also were called Sindhus. Jayadratha was a king of this country. (Dow.;M.N.)  3:191 8:61, 63, 67, 69, 71

Sindhu2 ancient name of the River Indus, mentioned in the Rig-veda, Panini’s Asfd- dhyayi, Patanj all’s Mahdbhasya, etc. (Enc. Ind.)  4:98 10:99 IX: 1, 2

Sindhu Sauvira in the Mahabharata, a country or region of northwestern India. (M.N.)  3: 193

Singhal a name of Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka). Ceylon is an English word derived from the Sanskrit Simhaladvipa, meaning "Island of the Singhalese". The island was so named by VIJAYA’ , perhaps because it abounded in lions ("simha" in Sanskrit). (Enc. Br.;M.W.;D.I.H.)  5:263

Sinhachalam Simhachalam, a small town in the state of Andhra Pradesh, about six miles from Waltair. (T.T.)  14:217

Sinnet A. P. Sinnett, editor of an influential daily newspaper The Pioneer, who was con- verted to theosophy on witnessing one ofths most famous of Mme Blavatsky’s miracles, which took place during a picnic. Sinnett has recorded several such phenomena in his books Esoteric Buddhism and The Occult World, which introduced theosophy to Europe. After the death of Mme Blavatsky, Sinnett became one of the leaders of theo- sophical thought. (Enc. Unex., p. 250; Enc. Am., 26: 524) D XIII: 29

Sinn Fein a 20th-century patriotic movement and party in Ireland, aiming at national revival in language etc. as well as political independence, and professing a Socialist, anti-Capitalist ideology. Arthur Griffith was the father of the movement. The symbolic meaning of Sinn Fein is "Irish Ireland". (Col. Enc.; C.O.D.; Enc. Br.)  l: 368, 501 26: 17-18, 26 XVII: 67-68

Sinnis misspelling of Sinis, a legendary robber who haunted the Isthmus of Corinth and killed his victims by tying them to the top of two pine trees which he bent down and then allowed to fly up. He was destroyed by Theseus.  5: 35

Sipahidar a man who, in conjunction with Sardar Assad, brought about the Persian Revolution in the beginning of the 20th century. (A)  2: 118

Sircar, Mahendra Mahendranath Sircar

(1882-1954), well-known professor of philosophy at Presidency College and later at Calcutta University; author of Eastern Lights. His other works include studies of Vedantic thought and Hindu mysticism. (S.B.C.)  26: 383

Sirgavkar, Raoji an officer in the service of Baroda state around 1903; he was fined Rs. 105/- by the Maharaja for negligence of duty. (A) 1: 193

Sirioth name used by Sri Aurobindo for the Angel of Love. (A)  5:69-71 7:901

Sirish probably Srishchandra Ghosh, a young man of Chandernagore closely con- nected with Barindra Kumar Ghose. It was Srish who masterminded the smuggling into Alipore Jail of the revolvers that killed the approver Narendranath Goswami in August 1908. In February-March 1910, Srish assisted Sri Aurobindo during his stay in Chandernagore, and on 31 March helped him get to Calcutta en route to Pondicherry. He seems to have visited Sri Aurobindo in Pondicherry in 1920. (A;A&R, XVII: 110, 116)  27:485, 488, 493-94

Sinus or Dog Star, the brightest star in the heavens, somewhat larger than the Sun and having a considerably higher surface tem- perature. It is a white star in the constella- tion Canis Major (the Great Dog). Its dis- tance from the solar system is about 8.6 light-years. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.)  12: 475 XVII: 44

Sir Patrick Spense the subject of a famous Scottish ballad written in the 16th century by an unknown poet. Spens (as the name is most commonly spelled) was a Scottish nobleman put in charge of a ship by the king.  9: 316

Sisyphus in Greek legend, son of Aeolus and king of Corinth. Because of his disrespect for Zeus, he was condemned to push a huge stone up a steep hill in Tartarus and begin again when it rolled down – an unend- ing task. (Pears, p. H37; Col. Enc.; C.O.D.) Var: Sysiphus (perhaps a misspelling)  13:312 21:650

Sita the heroine of the Ramayana. She was the daughter of Janaka, king of Videha (or Mithila), and wife of RAMA’, who won her by lifting up and breaking the great bow of Shiva. She accompanied her husband in his exile. Ravana carried her off and kept her in his palace in Lanka till she was traced and rescued by Rama. Sita is the ideal of a Hindu wife, and is worshipped alongside Rama as an Avatar. Her other common names are Janaki, Vaidehi, and Maithili. (Dow.)  2: 399 3: 175, 178, 428 5: 27 8: 9-10, 13, 15-16, 18-22 12: 483 14: 48, 192-93, 197, 290, 292 17: 257 22: 415-16, 418 27: 154 III: 6 IX: 40

Sitaram Sitaram Roy (1757/58-?), a zamindar of East Bengal who raised an army and, challenging the authority of the Muslim Nawab of Bengal, declared himself king. The Nawab tried and failed several times to subjugate him. Some time later, however, Sitaram took to a life of luxury, which led to the dissolution of his "kingdom". This gave the Nawab an occasion to invade his village and take him prisoner. During the period of his rule Sitaram had built a number of temples and tanks. Bankim Chandra has immortalised Sitaram by choosing him as the hero of a novel and naming it after him. (S.B.C., p.555)  1:22

Sitaram title of a Bengali novel (1886) by Bankim Chandra named after its hero. It is a marital tangle and a struggle of Hindus against Muslim tyranny. (Enc. Br.) Q 3: 91

Siva See Shiv(a)

Siva, Subramaniya See Subramaniya, S(h)iva

Sivaji See Shivaji

Siva Purana See Shiva Purana

Six Oxford Thinkers title of a book by Algernon Cecil. (A)  2:30

Six Poems Six Poems of Sri Aurobindo, a collection published in 1934, with notes by the author and parallel translations in Ben- gali by different disciples of Sri Aurobindo. (I & G)  5: 585 9: 434 26: 274

Skanda See Kartikeya

Skylark’ To a Skylark, a poem by Wordsworth, 29: 809

Skylark1 To the Skylark, one of Shelley’s finest lyrics, written at the end of 1819. (Ox. Comp.)  9: 378, 395, 526-29 26: 236

Slav one of a race spread over most of eastern and southeastern Europe, and also across northern Asia as far as the Pacific Ocean. The Slavs constitute a large ethnic and linguistic group whose languages belong to the Slavic or Slavonic branch of the Indo- European family. They include the Russians, Bulgarians, Illyrians, Poles, Silesians, Pomeranians, Bohemians, etc. (C.O.D.; Col. Enc.) Der: Slavic; Slavism; Slavonic; Slavonicised  l: 526, 881 2: 169, 383 10: 553 14: 375 15: 286, 294-95, 373, 410-11,

502, 512-14 16: 275, 310 17: 196 IV: 161 XVI: 182

"The Slaying of Congress" a tragedy in three acts written by Sri Aurobindo and first pub- lished in the daily and weekly Bande Mataram in February 1908. (A)  l: 671

Slaying of Shisupala the title (translated into English) of the Sanskrit epic poem Sisupala- vadha by the poet Magha. The poem is in twenty cantos, and is named after its subject. (Dow.)  1:25′

Slough of Despond state of hopeless floundering in sin. The phrase is taken from Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress, a religious allegory recounting how in a dream Christian journeyed from the City of Destruction through the Slough of Despond, the Valley of Humiliation, the Valley of the Shadow of Death, etc. to the Celestial City. (C.O.D.) 23: 789 24: 1634 26: 465

Smart, Christopher (1722-71), English religious poet, chiefly famous for A Song to David (1763); he is noted for flashes of childlike penetration and vivid imagination. In some respects his work anticipates that of William Blake and John Clare. (Enc. Br.)  n: 11

Smerdas a character – a merchant of Babylonia, wrecked on the coast of Syria – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer, 6: 3, 16-20, 85-94, 105-08, 110, 112, 180, 186, 188-89

Smiles, Samuel (1812-1904), Scottish author best known for his didactic work Self-Help. He was a zealous advocate of material prog- ress based on individual enterprise and free trade. (Enc. Br.)  III: 8, 14

Smith, Adam (1723-90), Scottish social philosopher and political economist re- nowned for his major work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). (Enc. Br.)  1: 704

Smith, John name used by Sri Aurobindo to denote any person, particularly one belong- ing to an English-speaking country. (A) 19: 816 22: 406, 451

Smith, Joseph (1805-44), American religious leader and prophet whose revealed writings, along with the Bible, comprise the theologi- cal foundation of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints, popularly known as the Mormon Church. (Enc. Br.)  22: 417

Smith, Lockhart one of the speakers at the annual meeting of the European and Anglo- Indian Defence Association held at Calcutta in April 1908. (A)  1:827-28

Smith, Vincent Vincent A. Smith, an Englishman, a retired member of the I.C.S., and a historian of India. He was a solid and well-equipped scholar and historian but less convincing as an art-critic. He found little to praise in the Vedantic art of India. (S.F.F.; A)  2: 396

Smithfield an area in the north of the city of London famous for its meat market. The market existed in 1183 and the site was also used for jousting, executions and the ancient Bartholomew Fair. (Enc. Br.)  12: 485 17: 170

Smriti(s) the class of Hindu sacred literature based on human memory, as distinct from Vedic literature, which is considered to be Shruti, or revealed. Smriti literature elaborates, interprets, and codifies Vedic thought, but being derivative is considered less authoritative than Shruti. It included the Kalpa Sutras, the Puranas, the two great epics, etc. In time, however, the term Smriti came to refer particularly to the texts re- lating to law and social conduct, such as the celebrated Manu-smriti and Yajnavalkya- smriti. (Enc. Br.) Var: Smrti Der: Smritikaras (writers of Smritis)  2: 120 3: 120 4: 53 12: 430, 452-53, 461 16: 420 III: 55 VIII: 166, 182, 187 XVI: 133

Sn. See Saurin

S.N.B. In the Record of Yoga, it refers to Surendra Nath Banerji

Snort misspelling of Short. See "Codlin’s the friend, not Snort"  1: 283

Sobhari (Kanva) (Sobhari Kanva), a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Kanva.  11:323, 328, 374, 376

Social Reformer See (Indian) Social Reformer

Socinian a sect of Christianity following the doctrines of the 16th-century Italian theologians Laelius and Faustus Socinus, whose opinions resemble those of modern Unitarians, denying the divinity of Jesus, the Trinity, the natural immortality of man, etc. and explaining sin and salvation rationalis- tically. Socinian groups survived in Europe until the 19th century, primarily in Transyl- vania, the Netherlands, and Germany. (C.O.D.;Web.;Enc.Br.)  15:14

Socrates (c. 470-399 BC) , Greek philosopher of Athens, the first of the great trio of ancient Greeks-Socrates, Plato and Aristotle — who laid the philosophical foundation of Western culture. He wrote nothing himself. His life and teachings have

been recorded in certain dialogues of his disciple Plato and in the Memorabilia of X’enophon. Great as is the importance of Socrates’ contribution to philosophy, he will always be remembered chiefly as one of those spiritual leaders to whom philosophy was a way of life, as exemplified by his maxim "Know thyself. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) Der: Socratic 3: 25-26, 72, 438 9: 561 15: 165, 339 16: 203, 339, 362 18: 225 22: 473-74, 478 26: 237 27:281 IX: 42-43 X: 113 XVI: 141 XVII: 10

Sofia city and capital of Bulgaria, in west- central Bulgaria, on a high plain at the foot oftheBalkans. (CoI.Enc.)  XXI: 4

Sofronia a character – the student Geronimo’s sister – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Maid in the Mill.  7: 876

Sogdiana part of the ancient Persian empire in Central Asia between the Oxus and Jax- artes rivers, corresponding to the later emir- ate of Bukhara and region of Samarkand. (Col. Enc.)  6: 380

Soham Gita a philosophical poem in Bengali written and published by Shyamakanta Banerji (Soham Swami). (A)  2: 174

Soham Swami name taken by Shyamakanta Banerji (see Banerji, Shyamakanta) after renouncing worldly life. (A)  2: 174

Sohrab and Rustam a vivid narrative poem (1853) by Matthew Arnold, based on an episode taken from FIRDAUSI’S Shah-nameh. (Col. Enc.; Ox. Comp.)  9:456

Solar dynasty or Solar line or Solar race, the lineage of Kshatriyas which sprang from Ikshwaku, the grandson of the Sun. It had two branches. The elder branch, which reigned at Ayodhya and to which RAMA’ belonged, descended from Ikshwaku through his eldest son, Vikukshu. The younger branch, reigning at Mithila, descended from another of Ikshwaku’s sons named Nimi. Some Rajput princes like the Ranas of Mewar and the Pratihara kings of Kanauj traced their descent from one or the other. (Dow.;D.I.H.)  12:295, 305 13:137-38

Solar world the sun-world (or Siiryaloka of Hindu mythology), a region or space supposed to exist round the sun, constituting a heaven of which the sun is regent. (M.W.) D 12:310 11:79

Soldan the Sultan of Egypt. (Web.)  7:598

Solomon (fl. mid-lOth cent. Be), king of the ancient Hebrews (c. 972 – c. 932 Be), son and successor of David, traditionally regarded as the greatest king of Israel. Solomon’s wisdom is proverbial. (Enc, Br.;

CoI.Enc.) 5:366, 586

Soma in the Veda, Lord of Delight and Immortality, also known as Indu and Vena, He was the god who represented and animated the Soma-juice (or Soma-wine), an Indian Dionysus or Bacchus. In later times, the name was appropriated to the moon. In Puranic mythology, Soma, as the Moon, is commonly said to be the son of the Rishi Atri by his wife Anasuya. (See also Chandra and Moon) (A;Dow.) n [Note: the word Soma where it means merely the Soma-plant or the Soma-wine has not been indexed] 4: 40 9: 235 10: 5, 56, 69, 80, 98-99, 106, 136, 138-39, 141-43, 146, 185, 221-23, 229, 231, 235, 249, 284, 339, 342-43, 345-47, 377, 426, 438, 522, 539-41 11: 22, 31, 98, 446, 455, 466, 469 13:374 14:277 17:278 21:708 22: 110-11 I: 32, 34 IV: 131, 143 X: 180-82 XIII: 56 XIV: 114 XV: 56 XVIII: 181-82 XXI:17, 45

Somadutta in the Mahabharata, a hero in the line of Kuru; son of Vahlika and grand- son of Pratipa. (M.N.) 4:76 8:77

Somahuti Bhargava a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Bhrigu.  11:90

Somaka in the Veda, son of Sahadeva; in the Mahabharata, he is mentioned as grand- father of Drupada and king of Panchala (Pancala), who transmitted his name to his descendants.(M.N.; Dow.) Var: Someque  8:43 11: 197

Somaliland name historically applied to the area now comprising Somalia and Afars and Issas, the coastal region of the most easterly section of Africa. (Enc. Br.) 1-1 15:502

Somaranes in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, one of Penthesilea’s captains. (M.I.)  5:455, 517

Somdeva Somadeva Bhatta (fl. llth cent.), the writer or compiler of the collection of stories called Kathdsaritsagara. He lived in Kashmir. (Dow.; D.I.H.) D 6:205

Someque See Somaka

Somers, Lord John Somers (1651-1716), 1st Baron Sommers, English jurist and statesman who presided over the framing of the Declaration of Rights (1688). In 1697, he was knighted, became Lord Chancellor and was created Baron. He fell from power when the Tones won control of the government in 1710. (CoI.Enc.)  2:404

Somitinjoy in the Mahabharata, one of the seven great heroes of the Yadavas of Dwaraka. (M.N.)  8:43

Sonar Bangia "Golden Bengal", a very effective pamphlet denouncing the Govern- ment and exhorting the people of Bengal to stand united, distributed through the Bar Associations of the districts in 1906. It was written by Basudeb Bhattacharji, the sub-editor of Sandhya, and printed at Keshab Press. (H.F.M.L; A.B.T.) 1: 159, 186, 430

Sonar Tan "The Golden Boat", a p’oem (1893) by Rabindranath Tagore. (Enc. Br.)  3: 431

Songhad -name of a taluka in the former princely state of Baroda. Now, spelled Songadh, it is a town west of Bhavnagar in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat state. (Atlas) a XV: 72 (Songadh Vyara), 76

Songs of the Sea C. R. Das’s Bengali poems, Sagar Sangit, translated by Sri Aurobindo around 1912, and first published in 1923. (I&G)  8:357 26:240, 252-53 29:787

Songs to Myrtilla1 a poem (1890-92) by Sri Aurobindo. 26: 263-64

Songs to Myrtilla1 the first collection of Sri Aurobindo’s poems, published in 1895 "for private circulation" at Baroda. The authorized (trade) edition of the book was published by Arya Publishing House, Calcutta in 1923. Both editions contain twenty-one poems, all except five written between 1890 and 1892 while Sri Aurobindo was a student at Cambridge. The collection is named after its first poem. (I & G)  4: pre. 26: 5, 12

Sonnets of Shakespeare, published in 1609. The collection contains 154 sonnets which refer cryptically to various persons – par- ticularly a handsome young man, a dark woman, and a rival poet – whose identity, if they were real, remains the object of specu- lation. (Enc. Br.)  3:230-31

Sophist(s) a class of Greek professional lecturers, writers, and teachers in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, most of whom travelled about the Greek-speaking world giving instruction to young men in return for fees. They prepared their pupils for success in public life through training in the art of speaking, in the appreciation and use of reasoned arguments in public debate, and in a wide range of humanistic studies. (Enc. Br.) 3: 30 15: 177 16: 335, 339

Sophocles (c. 497-406 BC) , one of the three great tragic playwrights of classical Greece. He wrote some 123 dramas, only seven of which have survived. Of the relation of his art to that of his great

contemporaries, Sophocles said that Aeschylus composed correctly without knowing it, Euripides portrayed men as they were, and he himself painted men as they ought to be. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) Der: Sophoclean 3: 147, 276 9:152, 379, 521, 530 14:66 15:91, 339 29:765, 814 X: 114, 157

Sorley, Prof. William Ritchie Sorley (1855- 1935), professor of logic and philosophy, moral sciences, or allied subjects at various institutions. In 1900 he succeeded his teacher Henry Sidgwick in the Knightsbridge Pro- fessorship at Cambridge, a post he held with distinction for thirty-three years. He had the gifts of clear analysis and lucid expression, but the most characteristic feature of his work was that he always thought and wrote as one for whom "moral and spiritual values are not only an essential part of experience but its ultimate meaning", 22:175, 178-79, 181, 183, 185 26:84 1:61, 64-65

Soro See Ghose, Sarojini

Soroyou (Sarayu), in the Ramayana, a river flowing through the kingdom of Koshala and having on its banks Ayodhya, the capital of the kingdom. The modern town of Ayodhya in Fyzabad district of U.P. is on the River Ghaghara, which is locally called the Sarayu. The Sarayu is a tributary of the Ganga. (D. I. H., under Ayodhya and Oudh)  8:3

Soul in Art, The a writing of Sri Aurobindo that has been lost; it was commenced on 3 February 1912.  XXII: 130

Soul of India title of a book (1911) by Bipin Chandra Pal. (D.N.B.)  27: 437

Sourashtra Saurashtra, formerly, a native state of India, absorbed after 1960 into the state of Gujarat in the Republic of India. (Enc. Br.)  6: 207, 263, 270, 295, 322

South Africa southernmost country on the African continent, formerly a dominion of the British Commonwealth of Nations. It withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1961. It is now an independent republic comprising four provinces: Cape Province, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State. (Enc. Br.; Pears) Der: South African  1:259 2:33-34, 301-03 15:311-14, 417, 549 26:54 27:463-64 XVII: 69

South America the southern continent of the Western Hemisphere; it is the fourth largest continent.

(Enc. Br.)  15:378, 503 26:395

Southern Cross or Crux, a constellation of five bright stars forming a somewhat irregular cross. It is now visible only from south of about 30° N latitude (i.e. the latitude of North Africa and Florida). Thousands of years ago it was visible from much of what is now Europe. (Enc. Br.)  12:475

Southey, Robert (1774-1843), English poet and writer of miscellaneous prose chiefly remembered for his association with Coleridge and Wordsworth, leaders of the early Romantic movement, though his poetry is not specifically Romantic and has little in common with that of these poets. (Enc. Br.) 11: 11

South Indian Bronzes a book by 0. C. Gangoly, published by the Indian Society of Oriental Arts, Calcutta. Sri Aurobindo reviewed it in Arya. The bronzes dealt with in the book are images of Hindu divinities that rank among the finest achievements of Indian art. The images were produced in large numbers from the 8th to the 16th century. (Enc. Br.)  17:274, 277

South Kensington Liberal Club the Liberal Club, situated at 128 Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London. Benoybhusan and Sri Aurobindo moved to a room in this club after Mrs. Drewett, the mother of their former guardian, abandoned them. (A)  26:2, 6 11:88

South Pole southern end of the earth’s axis. It lies in Antarctica, about three hundred miles south of the Ross Ice Shelf. (Enc. Br.)  23:797

South Sea historical name of the Pacific. (C.O.D.)  v:93

Soviet Union (full name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), federal state of north- ern Eurasia, comprising fifteen constituent socialist republics. In area it is the world’s largest state, by population the third largest. See also Russia. (Enc. Br.) 15:294, 317

Spain a country at the southwestern end of the European continent. It occupies eighty- five percent of the Iberian Peninsula, which it shares with Portugal. (Enc. Br.) Der: Spaniards; Spanish (in senses other than the language)  1: 48, 411, 467, 526 2: 34, 169-70, 253 3:193 4:212 7:821, 827, 832-33 9: 44, 47, 60 14: 78, 257, 367 15: 46, 264, 289,

291, 296, 346, 348-49, 353, 356-57, 381, 390, 421, 445, 478, 505, 508, 512 16: 310 17: 295, 298, 386 22:185 23:926 26:1, 206 1:7 111:27

Spanish (language) the official language of Spain, Mexico, and most of the Central and South American states. It is widespread as a former colonial medium and is an important language of trade. It has a total of at least 115 miUion speakers. (Pears)  10: 571 15: 443 26:1 I:7

Sparkes, H.W.S. one of the speakers at the annual meeting of the European and Anglo-Indian Defence Association held at Calcutta in April 1908. a 1:828-29

Sparta ancient city of the Greeks, capital of ancient Laconia and chief city of the Peloponnesus, on the right bank of the Eurotas. (M.I.) 1:116, 220, 306, 520 5: 405, 420, 422, 434, 449, 464, 470, 473, 480, 491, 509, 514 7: 825 9: 382 15: 89-90, 192, 275, 287, 337-38, 343 17: 103 27: 280-81

Spectator a periodical (daily) published in London by the essayists Sir Richard Steele and Joseph Addison from March 1711 to December 1712, and subsequently revived by Addison in 1714 (for eighty numbers). It adopted a fictional method of presentation through a "Spectator Club" whose imaginary members were the mouthpieces of the authors’ own ideas about society. (Enc. Br.)  I: 13

Speght Thomas Speght, an English scholar, editor of editions of Chaucer’s works published in 1598 and 1602. Q II: 18

Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903), English philosopher, rated as one of the leading philosophers of the 19th century. He insisted on a synthesis of knowledge from close scien- tific observation of biological and social phenomena. (Enc. Br.)  2: 42, 120 3: 338

Spender, Stephen Stephen (Harold) Spender (1909- ), English poet and critic who made his reputation in the 1930s with poems ex- pressing the politically conscience-stricken leftist "new writing" of that period. In the following decades he became increasingly more autobiographical, and was better known for his perceptive criticism and influential reviews than as a poet. (Enc. Br.)  5:374

Spenser, Edmund (1552/53-99), English poet whose long allegorical poem. The Faerie Queene, was thought of in his day as glorify- ing England and the English language. He is known as the poet’s poet because such men

as James Thomson, Shelley, Keats, Byron, and T. S. Eliot acknowledged him as their master. He is the inventor of a special stanza-form which he used in The Faerie Queene and which has come to be called the Spenserian stanza. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) Der: Spenserian 3: 108, 147 5: 343-45 9: 27, 65, 75-77, 80, 82, 92, 111, 113, 361, 402, 421, 521-22 26:323 27:81 11:12, 27

Sphinx I. in Greek mythology, a winged monster of Thebes with a woman’s head and lion’s body who proposed a riddle to the Thebans she met and killed all who could not guess it. When Oedipus solved it she threw herself from the rock on which she sat and died. The riddle was: What walks on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and on three in the evening? (Answer: a man) 2. in Egyptian antiquities, a figure with a lion’s body and a man’s or animal’s head. The most widely famed of all sphinxes is the Great Sphinx of Gizeh in Egypt. (Col.Enc.;C.O.D.) 1:420-21 5:11, 43, 101 9: 548 16: 326 19: 686 23:983 28:191, 300, 336 29: 449 XX: 153

Spinoza, Benedict de (1632-77), Dutch philosopher, an independent Rationalist philosopher and religious thinker who formulated one of the most consummate metaphysical systems in Western philo- sophy. (Enc. Br.)  4: 44 9:381, 547 14: 56, 66 16: 169 24: 1360 25:150

Squire, J. C. Sir John (Callings) Squire (1884-1958), English journalist, playwright, a leading poet of the Georgian school of pastoral poetry, and an influential critic and editor. (Enc. Br.)  9: 376

Sreepoor a famous village in the district of Dacca, formerly in Bengal, now in Bangladesh. It was the "capital" of Chand Roy and Kedar Roy. See Chand and Kedar. (N.B.A.)  1:21

Srevian or Srevina name given to a frag- mentary tale of pre-historic times written by Sri Aurobindo. The title is unclear in the manuscript, and may be either Srevian or Srevina. D XIII: 49

Sri Aurobinder Patra "Letters of Sri Aurobindo", the title since 1945 (Beng. era 1357) of a collection of Sri Aurobindo’s let- ers in Bengali. The first edition, containing only the letters to Sri Aurobindo’s wife, was published under the title Aurobinder Patra by the Sadhana Press of Chander- nagore sometime before 1920.  4: pre.

Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950), a modern Rishi and accomplished Yogin who charted hitherto unexplored regions of the higher consciousness and foresaw as the next step of evolution the emergence of "Supermind", a principle of the higher consciousness which alone can bring about a total transformation

and divinization of life on earth. He dedi- cated his life to accelerating the march of evolution by means of his "Integral Yoga" – integral both in its aim and in its method. Sri Aurobindo was, besides, a revolutionary patriot, a scholar, a poet, and a philosopher — a versatile genius who, in the words of Remain Rolland, achieved "the completest synthesis that has been realized to this day of the genius of Asia and the genius of Europe."

According to the Mother, Sri Aurobindo is "an Avatar of the future". His birthday (15 August) and the day (24 November) when in 1926 he attained the "Siddhi" which made possible the manifestation of Supermind are observed as two of the four "Darshan" days at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherry. See also K., Kali3, and Zero. Var: Arabindo (Ghose); Aravind A. Ghose; Aravinda; Arvind(o) Ghose; Aurobindo Ackroyd Ghose; Aurobindo (Ghose); A. G.; Auro Der: Aurobindonian; Aurobindoism  1: pre., 1, 3, 59, 81, 515, 519, 524, 545, 547-49, 554, 634, 652, 666, 715-16, 805-06, 850, 855 2: pre., 25, 45-47, 68, 77, 134, 143, 150-51, 172-73, 192, 197, 199, 314, 316, 328, 346, 353, 366-67, 413, 433 3: pre., 73, 199, 431 4: pre., 178, 182-83, 186-87, 191, 197, 206, 209-10, 215, 241, 243-44, 250, 257, 260-61, 284-85, 288, 329, 375 5: pre., 551 8:392-93 9:140, 363, 377, 400, 434, 463, 531, 557 10: 349 12: pre., 511 16:221, 409 17:262, 364 22:22, 48, 64, 69, 126-27, 149, 203, 210, 280, 292, 381, 387 23: 503, 506, 722, 726, 960-61, 979, 984, 1052, 1067 24:1148-49, 1155, 1182, 1603, 1645, 1690 25: 79, 83, 110, 345, 383-84, 396, 403, 471 26: passim 27: pre., 62, 66, 68, 73, 75, 77, 106, 117, 125, 137, 141, 145, 161, 187, 193-97, 349, 377, 417, 421, 425, 461, 468, 470, 485, 495, 498-99, 509 29: 725, 733, 737, 747, 749-50, 752, 754, 756, 760, 765-66, 768, 770-71, 782, 784-85 1:1-2, 5-6, 9, 18, 20, 24, 68, 70-72, 75 II: 27-28, 33-34, 85-89 III: 41, 65, 68, 80, 84, 86-87 IV: 160, 184, 192, 196-98 V: 37, 76, 98-100 VI: 123, 125 VII: 1, 3, 10-11, 14, 23 VIII: 152 X: 114-15, 144-45, 153 XI: 2, 26, 50, 55, 64-65, 69 XII: 112, 132, 182, 188-89, 191, 195 XIII: 2-3, 13, 17, 20, 38, 57, 60, 62 XIV: 99-100, 102, 105, 120, 123, 127, 138, 161, 163-68 XV: 1, 10, 61-64 XVI: 161, 190-91, 193-94 XVII: 57, 64-72 XVIII: 190 XIX: 25, 30, 56 XX: 150, 153, .157 XXI: 11

Sri Aurobindo: Archives and Research an English semi-annual journal started by the Ashram in 1977 to publish Sri Aurobindo’s original writings (discovered or acquired after the publication of the Centenary Library), and the results of research. It comes out in April and December.  IV: 196

Sri Aurobindo Ashram The community that grew up around Sri Aurobindo after his arrival in Pondicherry in 1910 did not take the shape of an "ashram" until 1926. In November of that-year he retired into seclusion, and the "whole material and spiritual charge" of Sri Aurobindo’s disciples devolved on the Mother. Contact with the Master was thereafter possible only through correspondence. He, however, allowed himself to be seen at "Darshan" three times a year. A fourth Darshan (24 April) was started in 1939. When the Ashram began, there were two dozen sadhaks practising yoga under Sri Aurobindo. .The number increased rapidly. After the Second World War whole families, including children, were accepted. The Ashram provided them every- thing they needed for decent and healthy living. The Mother kept full control over the Ashram’s multifarious activities – spiritual, organizational, industrial, educational, cultural, recreational, etc. This gives in brief an idea of the Ashram as it was during Sri Aurobindo’s time. After 1950 its expansion continued, but its general character remained the same. Presently (in 1988) it has about 1100 members living and working in 270 houses spread thoughout the town. There is also a significant number of non-member devotees who live in Pondicherry and take part in the Ashram’s life. Everyone practises Sri Aurobindo’s yoga in his own way, seeking guidance from within and from the writings of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. A board of Trustees, formed in 1955 with the Mother as President, assumed full responsibility for the administration of the Ashram after her passing in 1973. a 4:339, 342 22:18, 76, 97, 162, 396 23: 532, 549, 557, 707, 847-50, 852, 854, 856-57, 863, 865-68, 872, 918, 1061 24: 1314, 1362, 1419, 1558, 1611, 1724, 1745 25: 56, 86, 98, 215, 219-21, 227-31, 233-35, 238-39, 241-43, 245, 247-48, 253-55, 259, 269, 276, 280, 284, 286, 295, 299, 301, 310, 317-18, 359-62, 370, 375 26: 37, 60, 63, 68, 111, 132-33, 137, 140, 166, 169, 176-77, 179, 188, 196, 374, 377, 380-81, 459, 464, 467, 472-73, 479-82, 485-86, 491,

500-06, 508, 510 27: 416 IV: 192 V: 99 XV: 60 XVI: 191-92 XVII: 70 XVIII: 189

5ri Aurobindo Prakasham a book in Tamil by Suddhananda Bharathi, published by the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1947. (A)  27: 503

"Sri Aurobindo Prasange" a Bengali book, Aravinda Prasanga, by Dinendra Kumar Roy, containing an account of the author’s life with Sri Aurobindo in Baroda. It was published by the Prabartak Sangh of Chandernagore in 1923. (Note: There is a mix-up as regards the reference in Vol. 26, p. 373. The young man from Chandernagore mentioned by Sri Aurobindo was apparently Arun Chandra Dutt, author of Sri Aravinda Mandire, and not of Aravinda Prasanga.) (A; Purani)  26: 373

Sn Aurobindo – The Poet a collection of essays by K. D. Sethna, published in 1970. An article of the author under the same title came out in 1929 in the cultural monthly Orient of Bombay. This article, with an added passage, is the first in the collection. 26: 266, 271

Sriharsha a celebrated king of Kashmir who lived probably in the first half of the 7th century AD. He was a patron of poets and a poet himself. (M.W.) 3: 265 X: 147

Sri K; Srikrishna; Sri Krishna See Krishna

Srikrishna-Narayan the penultimate grade of Sri Krishna darshan; part of a whole grada- tion of aspects "in the Saguna Brahman":

Nara, Nara-Narayan, Narayan, (Sri)krishna- Narayan and finally Krishna.  XXII: 133

Srinagar city and capital of the former Indian native state of Kashmir. Situated on either side of the Jhelum River, it is one of the most beautiful and famous summer resorts of the East. Srinagar is presently the summer capital ofJammu & Kashmir state. (Col.Enc.;Enc.Br.)  1: 393, 396 IV: 193-95

Srinivasa; Achari Sri Aurobindo uses the two elements of the name to refer to one man, Srinivasachari (full name: Mandayam Srinivasachariyar), a nationalist who brought out India, Vijaya, Karmayoga, and Bala Bharati with the help of his elder brother Tirumalachariyar and other nationalists like Subramania Bharati. Srinivasachari had settled in Pondicherry before Sri Aurobindo’s arrival in 1910. Because he was

known to the revolutionary group in Bengal, his help was taken to receive Sri Aurobindo and make arrangements for his stay in Pondicherry. In his Record of Yoga, Sri Aurobindo refers to him as S. or S.A. (Auro-II; Purani) Var: Sri(nivasachari) a 27: 426 XIX: 29 XX: 121 XXI: 6, 9

Srinjaya in the Veda, name of a people and their king, son of Devavata and father of KingSahadevaofPanchala. 11:196

Sri Ramakrishna See Ramakrishna

Srirangam a town near Tiruchirapalli (formerly known as Trichinopoly) in Tamil Nadu state, on an island in the Kaveri River. It is renowned for its association with the great Vaishnava philosopher and teacher Ramanuja and for its main Sriranganatha temple. It is one of the most famous pil- grimage centres in South India. (Enc. Br.; Col.Enc.;D.I.H.)  14:213 17:372

Sri Ranganatha name of the deity (Vishnu) installed in the temple at SRIRANGAM. (A)  17:372

Srivatsa a particular mark or curl of hair on the breast of Vishnu or Krishna (and of other divine beings). It is said to be white and is represented in pictures by a symbol resembling a cruciform flower. (M.W.)  XIII: 36

Sruti See S(h)ruti

Stalin real name: Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (1879-1953). Russian statesman and leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, who for a quarter of a century dictatorially ruled the Soviet Union and transformed it into a major world power. He adopted the name Stalin ("made of steel") after joining the revolutionary movement. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) 0 24: 1294 26: 416-17

Standard See (Madras) Standard

Standard Bearer English monthly journal started by the Prabartak Sangha at Chander- nagore in 1920 under the inspiration of Sri Aurobindo. It published several articles, poems etc. by Sri Aurobindo. (I & G)  2:431 3:341 16:329 27:482, 485, 497-98

Standard Dictionary perhaps Funk and Wagnall’s Standard Dictionary of the English Language published in the U.S.A. 26: 313

Statesman English daily newspaper of Calcutta, an Anglo-Indian and a liberal imperialist organ, originally started by Robert Knight in 1875 under the title The Statesman. In 1877 it was merged with Friend of India under the title The Friend of India & The Statesman.