-20_Glossary and Index Page 226 to 242.htm

Nazareth historic city of Lower Galilee, northern Israel. It is closely associated with the childhood of Jesus and is a centre of Christian pilgrimage. (Enc. Br.)  13:12, 153

Nazi a political party (full name in English: National Socialist German Workers’ Party) founded in 1919. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler it dominated Germany from 1933 to 1945, governing the country by totalitarian methods. Although originally conceived as an organization that would run on nationalist and Socialist doctrines, in later years it became anti-democratic, anti-liberal, and belligerent. The Nazis led Germany into the horrors of World War II and to its ultimate total defeat by the Allied nations. (Enc. Br.) Der: Nazily; Nazism  5:114 15: 17, 36, 193, 196, 327, 480, 513 26: 38-39, 346, 393

Nazir-ud-Din, Jamadar a character— in-charge of sepoys – in Bankim Chandra’s novel AnandaMath. (A) a 8:355

Neaera the name given to various nymphs in classical poetry. It appears in Milton’s Lycidas. (Enc. Am.)  29: 759

Neapolitan of Naples. (C.O.D.) a 1: 362

Near East a term usually referring to the lands around the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, including northeastern Africa, southwestern Asia, and, occasionally, the Balkan Peninsula. Since World War II, the name has been largely supplanted by "Middle East", though the two are frequently used interchangeably. (Enc. Br.)  15: 367 17: 195

Nebassar a character-captain of the Chaldean Guard – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer. Var: Nabassar  6:3, 108, 113, 131, 135, 140-43.147, 186

Neelakantaiyar, K. A. name of a South Indian. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. -27]

Nefdi In the Cosmic Tradition (Tradition Cosmique), to which the Mother belonged in France, "the great Redeemed One" (Ie grande Redempte). [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Negro member of any of several groups of peoples, characterized physically by a black or dark brown skin, woolly hair, broad flat nose, prominent eyes with yellowish cornea, thick lips, and prognathous jaw. Most Africans south of the Sahara are Negroes. (Col. Enc.)  1:58.559 27:11 IX: 43

Nelabha apparently the name of a nymph of heaven in Hindu mythology, 5:190

Neleus in Greek legend, a son of Poseidon and the father of Nestor. (A)  5:491

Nelson’ Horatio Nelson (1758-1805), 1st Viscount Nelson, British naval commander in the wars with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France who won crucial victories in the battle of the Nile and Trafalgar, and is still regarded as Britain’s most appealing national hero. (Enc. Br.-, Pears)  1:704

Nelson2 name of an official, perhaps of the C.I.D., around 1920. (A)  27:494

Nema a Vedic Rishi with the patronymic Bhargava. (M.W.)  XIII:60

Nemesis Greek personification of law and order as avenging itself on the violator. Possibly at first an abstraction, it became personified as a fatal goddess or a spirit of vengeance. (Col. Enc.)  1:784 5:15 6:493

Neo-Platonism 3rd-century mixture of Platonic ideas with Oriental mysticism. See also Plotinus. (C.O.D.) Der: Neo-Platonist n 14:51, 147.270 16:309, 366.370 22:159

Neoptolemus in Greek mythology, son of Achilles and Deidamia. In Homer’s Iliad, he is sent for by the Greeks after Achilles’ death, as his presence is necessary, according to an oracle, for the taking of Troy.

 In Sri Aurobindo’s //ion, however, he comes before his father has been slain, but for the same purpose. "Neoptolemus" in Greek means "new in war" (young warrior). (M.I.; Col. Enc.)  5:486-87

Nepal independent kingdom in the Himalayan region, along the northern frontier of India from the Sutlej in the west to Sikkim in the east. (D.I.H.)  14:237 26:409 IX: 1.2

Ne Plus Ultra a poem by K. D. Sethna, composed in 1931.  26:271, 298

Neptune in Roman religion, ancient god of fresh water. Neptune was probably an indigenous god of fertility, but in later times he was identified with the Greek Poseidon, god of the sea. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.)  10:86, 106

Nereid(s) in Greek mythology, the daughters (numbering 50 or 100) of the sea-god Nereus, and of Doris. They were nymphs who presided over the sea, protecting sailors in distress. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.)  3:37 5:505, 524, 546 XVI: 141, 144

Nereus in Greek mythology, god of the sea. He was the son of Pontus and Gaea, the husband of Doris, and the father of 50 (or 100) sea nymphs called the Nereids. He was conceived of as a kindly old man. (Col. Enc.)  5:506 17:257

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar (AD 37-68), originally named Lucius Domitius Aheno- barbus; fifth Roman emperor (54-68), remembered for his unstable character and his cruelty. He had ambitions to be a poet and artist and was an enthusiastic admirer of Greek culture. Nero was, according to Sri Aurobindo, an artistic temperament cursed with the doom of kingship. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.; A)  1:287, 845 2:73 3:10, 70, 264-65 7:858 17:384 27:51 X: 147-48

Nestor in Greek legend, son of Neleus; an aged statesman and counsellor who retained some strength and mental vigour long after his youth had passed. Nestor was the lord of West Messenia, his home being PYLOS. He was respected and full of advice, but his counsel was generally ineffective and un- successful, and his tactics archaic. (M.I.; Col. Enc.)  5:484, 486, 491

Netherlands, the also called HOLLAND, a kingdom in northwestern Europe, bounded by the North Sea in the north and west, by Belgium in the south, and by Germany in the east. Much of the country lies below sea-level and is protected by dikes. Amster- dam is the constitutional capital. The Hague is the royal residence and the seat of govern- ment. (Col. Enc.)  1:411 15:264

Netra Netrakona, a town of Bengal (now in Bangladesh), about 25 miles east of Mymensingh. (S.Atlas)  2:375

Neva a river in Leningrad oblast (administrative region) of northwestern Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. It is the outlet for Lake Ladoga from which it issues via a delta into the Gulf of Finland. It is only fory-six miles long, but derives considerable importance from iis navigability by large ships and from the presence of Leningrad city at its mouth. (Enc. Br.) a 4:25

Nevinson Henry W. Nevinson (1856-1941), active journalist (1897-1930); special correspondent of the Daily News of London. He landed in Bombay on 25 October 1907 and visited Bengal (1907-08) as correspondent for the Manchester Guardian and other papers. He was one of the most sympathetic visitors from England to India at the time of the National Movement in Bengal. His impressions are contained in his book The New Spirit in India. Nevinson interviewed Sri Aurobindo in Bengal, and was present at the Surat Congress. (Maj.-II; N.S.I.; M.I., Aug.’80; Gilbert, p. 155)  2:286 26:354

New England region in northeast U. S., including Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massach-issetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Named by Capt. John Smith, who explored its shores in 1614 for some London merchants, colonial New England was settled by religious refugees seeking a more abundant life. The Puritan ethic, which discouraged idleness and luxury and glorified saving, served admirably the need of fledgling communities where the work to be done was so prodigious and the hands so few. (Enc. Br.) 5:380

New English School a national school started at Poona in the first decade of the 20th cen- tury, as a part of the Swadeshi movement. (A)  1:479

Newgate historic London prison dating from the 12th century AD. It was not used after 1877, and in 1902 was torn down. (Col. Enc.) 1: 580

New Idea See LTdee Nouvelle

New India’ English weekly of Calcutta, a nationalist paper started by Bepin Chandra Pal in 1904. It was published from the Classic Press in Corporation Street, now known as Ranee Rashmoni Road. (A.B.T.;

A&R)  1:184, 262, 907 2:23 IV: 110

New India2 English daily newspaper of Madras started as Madras Standard on 1 August 1914, and renamed New India in July 1915 after Dr. Annie Besant assumed its full control as proprietor, publisher, printer and editor. (S.F.F.)  2:434 27:503

"New Lamps for Old" a series of nine articles on Congress politics written by Sri Aurobindo and published in the Indu Prakash in 1893-94. The articles severely criticised the policy of the Congress. The first two articles created a furore in political cir- cles and M. G. Ranade, who was connected with the Indu Prakash, sent a warning to the editor that he might be prosecuted for sedition. (Purani)  26: 13, 24

Newman, Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801-90), English theologian and writer. (Web.) 1-1 1:374

Newman, Mr. special correspondent of the Englishman around 1905-07. (A)  1:373, 375-76

Newmania humorous coinage of Sri Aurobindo referring to the alarmist reports of MR. NEWMAN as though they were the ravings of some form of insanity.  1:372-73, 482, 565

New-Risen Moon’s Eclipse a poem by Arjava (J. A. Chadwick), published in his collection Poems. (A)  9: 409

The New Statesman and (the) Nation English weekly (incorporating the Athenaeum, a week-end Review), issued from London. (Cal. Lib.) a 9: 444 26: 387

Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), English physicist and mathematician, recognized as one of history’s greatest scientists, whose work profoundly influenced 18th-century thought. He is probably best known for his formulation of the Law of Gravitation and of the Laws of Motion. (Col. Enc.) Der: Newtonean o 1:281, 841 9:303, 379 12: 6, 30 14: 198-99 16: 82 17: 193 23: 520, 628 26: 134, 331-32 27: 163 IX: 42 XIV: 121, 145, 158 XV: 5

New Ways in English Literature a collection of essays by James Cousins, mostly on con- temporary poetry, published by Ganesh & Co., Madras, in 1917. n 9: 1 V: 17

New York the largest city in the U.S.A. Situated at the mouth of the Hudson River in N.Y. State, it is the chief commercial centre of the U.S.A. and the Western Hemisphere. (Col. Enc.; Pears) a 1:32, 814 3: 455 5: 120 14: 64 22: 190 26:413 27: 469

Niagara Niagara Falls in the Niagara River, one of the most famous spectacles in North America and an important source of hydro- electric power. (Col. Enc.) a 22: 427

Nibaran someone who, in 1907, "hardly escaped from the gallows by a strange mercy of Fate". (A) o 1:560

Nibelungenlied modern accepted title of a Middle High German epic written c. 1200 by an unknown Austrian. In German myth and literature, Nibelungen is an evil family possessing a magic hoard of gold, which is accursed. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) n 9:49 26: 234 I:7

Nicanor’ in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune, the deceased first husband of Cleopatra, Queen of Syria. (A) a 6:340, 349, 359, 381, 434, 442

Nicanor2 a character – a prince of the house of Syria and father of Eunice – in Sri

Aurobindo’s play Rodogune.  6: 333, 394-95. 397, 401-02, 404-06, 411, 418, 421, 426, 432, 441, 458-69

Nice Mediterranean tourist centre, capital of Alpes-Maritimes departement of south- eastern France. It was ceded to France by theTreatyofTurinin 1860. (Enc. Br.)  2: 164

Nicholas, Czar Nicholas II of Russia (1868-1918), last emperor and czar of Russia (1894-1917), generally judged as an inept and autocratic ruler. He was executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, after they had seized power. (Enc. Br.) D 1: 420 2: 254

Nicias (d. 413 Be), Athenian statesman, a man of great wealth. After Pericles’ death he came forward as the opponent of Cleon. (Col. Enc.) 15: 339

Nidah a Vedic term, meaning "Restrainers" or "Censurers". They are considered stronger than Vritras. (SABCL, Vol. 10, p. 245 fn.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Nidhu Babu popular name of Ramnidhi Gupta (1741-1839), a famous writer of musical verse. A composer of light melodies, he is known for introducing Hindustani "Tappa" in Bengal. A collection of his songs Gitaratna came out in 1832; two larger collections were published after his death. (Gospel, p. 1039;S.B.C.) a 8:265.267

Nietzche, Friedrich (1844-1900), German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who had a powerful influence on continental philosophy and literature. (Enc. Br.) Der: Nietzchean D 9:32 13:38.52. 129 14:46, 57, 420 15:18, 24.34-35, 49, 218. 224-25, 244. 331 16: 275-76, 344, 346-47, 349. 357, 362, 369 17: 95, 318 19: 722, 1067 26: 145 IX: 17 XVII: 37

Nightingale, Florence (1820-1910), English hospital administrator, born at Florence in Italy. She was the founder of trained nursing as a profession for women. Her genius for administration was diplayed in 1854 in the Crimean War. Miss Nightingale was the first woman to receive (1907) the British Order of Merit. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) n 12:484

Night Thoughts The Complaint: or. Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality (1742-45), a long, didactic poem by Edward Young. His grief, his thoughts of death, and his search for religious consolation are incorporated in the poem, a blank-verse dramatic monologue of nearly 10, 000 lines, divided into nine parts or "Nights". (Enc. Br.) Var: Night’s Thoughts a n: 12, 16

Nilakantha name of a celebrated Sanskrit writer of commentaries on the Mahabharata, the Devibhagavata and many other Sanskrit works, l-l 17:267

Nilarudra Upanishad an Upanishad belonging to the Atharvaveda. (Up. K.)  12:421

Nile the longest river of Africa and of the world, having a course of 4132 miles. It rises in highlands south of the Equator and flows northward to enter the Mediterranean Sea in a broad delta north of Cairo. (Enc. Br.) D 6:13, 361, 404, 432 7:843

Nimai Pandit the original name of CHAFTANYA before he became a Sannyasin. 1-1 1:853 22:420

Nineteenth Century a monthly review founded in 1877 by Sir J. T. Knowles, who was the first editor. When the nineteenth century ended, the review added to its old title "And After". (Ox. Comp.)  1:395

Nipounica a character – Queen Aushinarie’s handmaid – in the drama Vikramorvasie; also a character-handmaid and companion of Queen Iravatie – mentioned in the Dramatis Personae of Malavica and the King. Var: Nipunika  3:283 7:909, 926-28, 944-49, 953, 961, 963-64, 966 8:135 X: 170

Nirapada Nirapada Roy, an accused in the Manicktola Conspiracy Case. He was sentenced to transportation for 10 years by the Sessions Court, but the sentence was reduced to 5 years’ rigorous imprisonment as a result of an appeal. (P.T.I.; S.B.C.; A.B.T.)  4:264

Ninnol (Cumary) a character – daughter of Haripal, friend of Comol Cumary – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Prince of Edur.  7:739, 748-51, 753, 755, 760-64, 768-69, 810, 813-16

Nirodbaran (1903- ), an inmate of the Ashram who was one of Sri Aurobindo’s personal attendants between 1938 and 1950. During this period he also took Sri Aurobindo’s dictation for considerable portions of Savitri. Nirodbaran joined the Ashram in 1933 after returning from England as a doctor of medicine. He teaches English and Bengali at the Sri Aurobindo Inter- national Centre of Education. Nirodbaran is also a poet; three collections of his poems have been published. His other books, including Talks with Sri Aurobindo, Correspondence with Sri Aurobindo and Twelve Years with Sri Aurobindo, contain a lively record of his close and intimate contact with the Master and at the same time

reveal some aspects of his own personality. a 8:389

Nirukta one of the Vedangas. The term means "etymology", "glossary". It is devoted to the explanation of difficult Vedic words. The only work of this kind now known to us is that of Yaska. But such works were no doubt numerous, and the names of 17 writers of Nirukta are mentioned as having preceded Yaska. (Dow.)  4:21.24 10:17, 29 11: 7, 445, 449, 479 12: 408 17: 342 27: 433- 111:56 XIV: 133 XVI: 135 XXI: 35, 47, 59, 65, 68. 77

Nirvana a sonnet by Sri Aurobindo, first published in the Calcutta Review in October 1934. The manuscript is not dated, but it was written sometime in the same year. (Sonnets) D 9:363, 531 29:735

Nisa name used by Sri Aurobindo for an imaginary girl. n 5:20

Nisac^ra See Rakshas(a)

Nishad(h)a name of an ancient country of India (and its people). The country is men- tioned in the Mahabharata; its ruler was Virasena, father of Nala. (M.N.) Der: Nishadhan 3 3: 161 5: 335, 337

Nishikanto (1909-73), a Bengali poet and painter. Rabindranath Tagore at Shantniketan and Sri Aurobindo at the Pondicherry Ashram (which Nishikanto joined in 1934) took a keen interest in the develop- ment of his talent. He wrote chiefly in the traditional style. Nishikanto has to his credit ten books of Bengali verse and one of English, a 8:388 9: 435? ("N" probably stands for Nishikanto)

Nishkriti a Bengali novel by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyaya. The character ofGirish depicted in it is most appealing. (N.B.A.) n 9: 463

Nitishataka a book of Sanskrit verses (epigrams) on morality by Bhartrihari. Sri Aurobindo freely rendered it into English verse, entitling his translation "The Century of Morals", a literal translation of the origi-nal title. Later he changed the title to "The Century of Life". (A) n 8: 157 I: 24

Nivedita, fille del”Inde Nivedita, la fille de I’lnde, a book in French by Lizelle Raymond, a French lady interested in Indian spirituality. It was published from Paris in 1945. (A) 26: 67  

Nivedita, Sister name given to Miss Margaret Noble (1867-1911) by Swami Vivekananda. An Irishwoman, she was the closest European disciple of the Swami. She devoted herself to social service and was an ardent supporter of India’s struggle for in- dependence. Sri Aurobindo first met her at Baroda iii 1902, and for many years there- after she was his friend and comrade in the political field. When Sri Aurobindo left for Chandernagore, it was to her that he entrus- ted the editing of his journal Karmayogin. (D.I.H.;Purani) a 14:43 23:557 26:16, 36, 56-58, 60-62, 67-71, 354 27: 437, 443 XIII: 47-48 XVI: 193 XIX: 25

Nixon, Ronald See Krishnaprem

Noailles, Comtesse de Anna Elisabeth de Brancovan (1876-1933), Comtesse de Noailles, French poet, of a noble Rumanian family. She wrote also a number of short stories, a novel, and an autobiography. (CoI.Enc.) a 9:327

Noakhali administrative headquarters of Noakhali district in Chittagong division of Bengal (now in Bangladesh). (Enc. Br.) a 1:262, 357 27:426

Nobin See Sen, Nobin

Nobokissen MaharajaNabakrishnaDeb (1733-97), Diwan of Robert Clive, who made a fortune after the Battle of Plassey and founded the Sobhabazar Deb House in Calcutta. He was a lover of learning, and, while quite young, taught Persian to Warren Hastings. Clive, attracted by his knowledge of Persian, took him in the service of the East India Company. The emperor of Delhi, on dive’s recommendation, conferred on him a number of honours and titles, includ- ing that of Maharaja Bahadur. (N.B.A.) D 1:280 :

Nodha (Gautama) a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Gotama and Kakshivan. a 10:173-74 11: 50 III: 48 VIII: 145-46, 149-50

Nokula (Nakula), in the Mahabharata, the fourth Pandava, the twin son of Madri, the second wife of Pandu. He was taught the art of training and managing horses by Drona. (Dow.) D 4:77 8:35, 77

Nolini See Gupta, Nolini Kanta

Nolinie in Hindu mythology, a nymph of heaven.’(M.W.) n 5:190

Nonconformist English Protestant who does not conform to the doctrines or practices of the established Church of England. Non- conformists are also called "dissenters" (a word first used of the five "Dissenting

Brethren at the Westminster Assembly of Divines in 1643-47). (Enc. Br.) a 1: f08 (non-Conformists) II: 88

Nordic a traditional racial type by physical appearance, denoting the characteristics of tall, fair, long-headed persons, such as Scandinavians and Scots. (The term is of more limited application than Teutonic.) (Enc.Br.;C.O.D.) a 15:43 22:417

Norman of Normandy. After conquering Normandy in the 10th century, the Norse- men accepted Christianity and the customs and language of France and became known as Normans. (CoI.Enc.) a 1:53 3:88 17:244

Norse Old Norse (also called Old Icelandic), classical North Germanic language of Iceland from c. 1150 to 1350 in which are written the Norse sagas, skaldic poems, and Eddas. The language was almost identical to that of Norway during the same period. (Some scholars use the term Old Norse to refer to all the dialects or languages of the Old Scandinavian period.) (Enc. Br.) a 10:24 11:14-15

Norsemen name given on the European continent to the Scandinavian Vikings who raided the coasts of Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries. Afterwards they gradually established settlements, became Christianized and adopted French law and the French language. They continued in history under the name of the Normans. (Col. Enc.) 0 7:885-86

North America third largest of the con- tinents. It lies in the Western Hemisphere and is connected to South America by the Isthmus of Panama. It thus includes the whole of what is sometimes referred to as Central America, and the northernmost part of the culturally defined entity known as Latin America. (Enc. Br.) D 10:87

Northbrook Hall a public hall in Dhaka, named after Thomas George Baring Northbrook, Viceroy and Governor-General of India from 1872 to 1876. (A;Enc.Br.) 0 4:196

North Pole the northern end of the earth’s axis. It lies in the Arctic Ocean about 450 miles north of Greenland. (Enc. Br.) D 2:217 5:297-98, 307 23:797 27:420

North Sea northern arm of the Atlantic Ocean, extending between the British Isles (west) and the European continent (south and east), a 15:467

Norton, Eardley, barrister-at-law of Madras engaged by the Bengal Government as the counsel for prosecution in the Alipore Bomb Case (1908-09) in all the three courts – the Magistrate’s, the Sessions

Judge’s, and the High Court. (A.B.T.)  2:76, 353-54, 368 4:260, 281, 283-85, 287-90, 296

Norway kingdom of northern Europe, occupying the western part of the Scan- dinavian Peninsula. (Enc. Br.) Der: Nor- wegian (in senses other than the language)  6:477, 480-90, 494-95, 505, 512, 514-18, 520-21, 524, 528, 530-32, 535, 539, 542-43, 546-47, 549, 552-53, 555-57 7:883, 885 13:53 15:’ 308, 333, 412 24:1490 11:14 XVI: 144

Norwegian (language) North Germanic language of the West Scandinavian branch, existing in two distinct and rival norms (Dano-Norwegian and New Norwegian) in Norway since 1917. Both of these mutually intelligible languages are used in government and education, and plans have been made to bring them closer together gradually into a common Norwegian language. The last documents in pure Norwegian (without Danish influence) date from the period 1450-1500. (Enc.Br.)  27:89

Nostradamus (1503-66), French astrologer and physician, a Jew whose real name was Michel de Nostredame. He was the most widely read seer of the Renaissance. He wrote a book of prophecy in some obscure language and prophesied about the execution of Charles I and the end of the British Empire after its existence of about 330 years (reckoned from James I). (Enc. Br.; Eve. T., p.535)  15:616

Notables See (Advisory) Council of Notables

Noureddin probably the same as NUREDDENE.  5:277

Nowroji, Dadabhai See Naoroji, Dadabhai Nowsari Navsari, a town about 20 miles south of Surat, in the former princely state of Baroda (now in the state of Gujarat). (A; S.Atlas)  27:113 Nrimedha a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Angiras. He is mentioned as a protege of Agni. (V. Index) a 11:414 Nrsimhottaratapaniya an Upanishad belonging to Atharva-veda. (Up. K.) Var: Nrsimhataliya a 4:47, 50 Nubian inhabitant of Nubia, an ancient region of northeastern Africa. It was called Kush (Cush) under the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt and Ethiopia by the ancient Greeks. (Enc.Br.)  7:580

Nuddia See Nadiya

Nul SeeNala

Nundy, Alfred a Bengali Christian, a journalist and politician around 1906. 1:195

Nureddene a character – son of Alfazzal Ibn Sawy – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers ofBassora.  7:561, 564, 567, 571, 586-87, 591-92, 595-612, 614, 616-21, 624-25, 632-41, 643-46, 651, 653-58, 660-64, 667, 671-85, 694-95, 697, 699-703, 707, 710-12, 714, 716, 718-19, 724-25, 728-29, 731-34

Nuremberg a city in northern Bavaria. After Hitler came to power in 1933 Nuremberg was made a national shrine by the National Socialists, who held their annual party congresses there. The city was heavily bombed in the Second World War and was largely destroyed. It was the venue of the war- crimes trial held after the war. (Col. Enc.)  26:169

Nurmada See Narmada

Nuzhath in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers ofBassora, name of a person (probably a servant) mentioned by Doonya.  7: 609

Nyaya one of the six Indian orthodox Darshanas (schools of Hindu philosophy), the science of logic. It was founded by the sage Gotama (frequently called Gautama). (Dow.)  1:852 4:46 12:427 14:167 VIII: 183 XVII: 27

O

Oates, Titus (1649-1705), English conspirator, renegade Anglican priest who fabricated the "Popish Plot" of 1678. Oates’ allegations that Roman Catholics were plotting to seize power caused a reign of terror in London and strengthened the anti-Catholic Whig Party. But as the frenzy subsided, inconsistencies were discovered in his story. In 1685 he was convicted of perjury, severely flogged, and imprisoned. (Enc.Br.;Col.Enc.)  3:459

O. B. See Browning, Oscar

Occident(al)(ism) See West, the Ochterlony, Sir David(1758-1825), a dis- tinguished British general in the service of the East India Company, who proved his extraordinary ability in the Gurkha War (1814-15, and in the Pindari War (1817-18). The Ochterlony monument, now called Shaheed Minar, in the Calcutta Maidan, was built to his memory. It is a tall obelisk about a hundred feet in height. (D.I.H.) 4:286 0′ Connell, Daniel (1775-1847), first of the great 19th-century Irish leaders in the British House of

Commons. He forced the British government to accept the Emancipation Act of 1829, by which Roman Catholics were permitted to sit in Parliament and to hold public office. He is known as the Liberator. (Enc. Br.)  l: 368

Ocroor See Acrur

Octavia called Octavia Minor (69*11 Be), sister of Octavian (later emperor Augustus) and wife of Mark Antony. She was married to Antony in 40 BC, when he was ruling the Roman state with Octavian and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. At first this marriage helped to reduce tensions between Antony and Octavian. and, when the two rulers quarrelled in 37 BC, Octavia brought about peace between them, which resulted in the Treaty of Tarentum. But the following year Antony left Italy to command troops in Parthia and, while in the East, resumed his liaison with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. In 32 BC Antony obtained a divorce from Octavia. Octavia was a faithful wife and mother who raised Antony’s children from Cleo- patra with her own children. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Ode Odes of William ColITns, published in 1747. (Ox. Comp.) : 14

Ode (the great) Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood, a poem by Wordsworth, written in 1805-06 and published in his collection Poem’s in Two Volumes (1807). (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.)  9:120, 122.522

Ode on Spring one of the earliest and best poems of Gray, written c. 1742. (Enc. Br.)  I: 9

Ode on (the Pleasure Arising from) Vicissi- tude one of Gray’s last poems. (A)  1: 9

Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands a long ode written by Collins in 1749 and published posthumously. It contains some magnificent verse. (Ox. Comp.)  II: 16

Ode to Duty a poem by Wordsworth, included in his Poems in Two Volumes (1807). (Col. Enc.)  9:274

Ode to Evening one of the best-known odes of Collins, published in 1747. (Ox. Comp.) II: 14, 16

Ode to Liberty one of the Collins’ "Odes" published in 1747. (Enc. Br.)  11:15

Odin The chief Germanic god Woden was called Odin by the Norsemen. He was patron of poetry, but especially he was the god of battle. He was the host of dead heroes, but less interested in war than his strong-armed son. Thor. See also Wotan. (Col. Enc.)  6: 477, 484, 488, 496, 499, 502, -511, 521, 524, 527, 529, 534, 536, 546, 555-56, 559 15: 46 17: 257

O’Donnell, C. J. British M.P. who was sorely aggrieved at the open partisanship of British officials towards the Muslims during the Swadeshi movement in India around 1907. He put the question straight in the House of Commons: "May I ask since when has it become a part of the policy of the British people to sub-divide our possessions to the religious tenets of their inhabitants ?" (A; S.F.F., p.58) D 1:462-63 27:23, 26 .

Odysseus in Greek mythology, king of Ithaca and son and successor ofLaertes. He was the leader of the Ithacan contingent in the Trojan War, and famed for his cunning strategy and his wise counsel. The Latin form of"the name is ULYSSES. (Col. Enc.; M.I.)  5:400, 414.430.439, 464.473, 479-81, 483-84, 486-87, 493, 507 8: 409-10 9: 206, 225 10: 119 22: 414

Odyssey Greek epic in 24 books, traditionally attributed to Homer. The poem is the story of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, who after ten years of wandering returns home from the Trojan War. The atmosphere of adventure and beneficent fate in the Odyssey contrasts with the heavier tone and tragic grandeur of the Iliad, the other epic attributed to Homer. (Enc.Br.)  5:145 8:409 9:9, 61.77, 225, 523 10:119 26:260 29:798 IV: 161 XVI: 182

Oedipus in Greek legend, son of King Laius of Thebes and his queen Jocasta. It was foretold that the boy would murder his father. He was therefore exposed on a mountain, but was found by a shepherd and brought to the king of Corinth. When Oedipus grew up, he learned from an oracle that he would kill his father and marry his mother. So, thinking that the king and queen of Corinth were his real parents, he fled Corinth. At a cross-road he met Laius, quarrelled with him. killed him and then proceeded to Thebes. There he gained the widowed queen’s hand by answering the riddle of the Sphinx. The prophecy was thus

fulfilled. After many years Oedipus learned the truth from the seer Tiresias and the shepherd, and in an

agony of horror and revulsion he blinded himself. Jocasta committed suicide. Creon, Jocasta’s brother, became king. Oedipus wandered for many years and finally died. (Col. Enc.)  3:302 27:150

Oedipus Oedipus Rex (5th cent. BC), the greatest tragedy of Sophocles. This play is one of the most powerful and haunting of Greek tragedies. (Enc. Br.) a 9:9

Oenone a poem by Tennyson, first published in his collection Poems (1832). In Greek mythology, Oenone is a fountain nymph of Mt. Ida. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.)  9:137

Oeta, Mount a triangular mountain knot in central Greece, an outlier of the Pindus Mountains. (Enc. Br.) a XVII: 44

Offa a character – a Norwegian leader - in the drama The House of Brut by Sri Aurobindo.  7:883, 885, 888 0′ Grady British M.P. (around 1907-08) who asked questions in the House of Commons on the situation in East Bengal. (A)  1:343

Oileus in Greek legend, an epithet of Locrian Ajax, who was the son of Oileus, a legendary Locrian king. (M.I.)  5:478

Okakura, Kakuzo (1862-1913), art critic with great influence upon modern Japanese art. He was also intimately concerned with the ideal of Asian reawakening and solidarity. He came to India and stayed at BRLUR MATH. Okakura did not know much of English. His manuscript dealing with Pan-Asiatic cultural connections was rewritten by Sister Nivedita and named The Ideals of the East (1903). It bore the stamp of Swami Vivekananda’s ideology on Asia. Okakura inspired P. Mitter and Saria Ghoshal to start revolutionary centres in Bengal. (Enc. Br.; S.V.P.P., pp. 116-17; Purani)  14:227

Okhay Kumar See Dutt, Okhay Kumar

Olaf Thorleikson a character – once ruler of Norway, father of Swegn and Aslaug – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Eric.  6:481, 484, 486, 504, 512. 515, 518. 527, 530-31, 533, 539, 541, 543, 547, 549, 552, 554-58

Oliver Twist the main character in the novel Oliver Twist (pub. 1837-38) by Charles Dic- kens. He is a child of unknown parentage born in a workhouse and brought up under the cruel conditions to which pauper children were formerly exposed. The tyrant at whose hands he especially suffers is Bumble, the parish beadle. (Ox. Comp.) n 1: 421

Olympus a mountain at the east end of the range forming the northern boundary of Thessaly’and Greece proper. It was regarded as the home of the Greek gods, and hence the word is often used to mean heaven. (M.I.) Der: Olympian  l: 143 3: 11, 149 5:377, 381, 394-95, 406, 413, 428.440, 448, 465, 468, 478, 492 6: 9, 22, 24, 30, 34, 39, 53, 55, 63, 91, 121, 179, 184, 198, 200, 357, 381, 392 7: 860 8: 181, 409 9: 129, 149-50, 303, 313, 317, 419 12: 474 13: 129 14: 215, 231 15: 219, 244, 456 16: 276, 292 27: 154, 202 29: 739 II: 26, 28, 77 XIV: 168

Olynthian of Olynthus, an ancient city on the mainland of the peninsula of Chalcidice in Greece. (Col. Enc.)  5: 14

Omar in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora, a companion of Nureddene. (A) 7:643.645

Omar (Khayyam) (1048?-1122), celebrated Persian poet, mathematician, and astrologer. He was called Khayyam (tent-maker) probably because of his father’s occupation. His fame as a scientist has been eclipsed by the popularity of his Rubaiyat, epigrammatic verse quatrains which have been published in literally hundreds of editions. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.)  26: 254 27′. 90 I: 25

Onan native of On (in Greek, Heliopolis), an ancient city of northern Egypt, in the Nile delta, a few miles below Cairo. It was noted as the centre of sun worship. (Col. Enc.)  7: 1088

O’Neill, Turlough Sir Turlough Luineach O’Neill (1530-95), Earl of Clanconnell. He pledged loyalty to Queen Elizabeth but without any apparent intention of supporting the government or abandoning the practices of his predecessor in his leagues with the Scots and defiance of authority. (Enc. Am.) l-l 1: 23

On Himself volume 26 of the Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library, n 27:509

On the Late Massacre in Piedmont a famous sonnet by Milton. (A) a 9: 325

Onward an English journal of 1934. (A)  26: 387

Ooty short and popular name of Ootaca- mund (recently corrected to Udhagaman- dalam), administrative headquarters of Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu state. South India. It is situated in the Nilgiri Hills at about 7, 500 ft. above sea level. Founded by the British in 1821, it was used as the official government summer headquarters for the Madras Presidency until 1947. (Enc. Br.) n IV: 197

Ophelia In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the young and innocent daughter of Polonius. Obedient to her father, she spurns Hamlet’s advances. After POLONIUS’ death, she loses her mind. (R. Enc.) D 1:179.207 3:272 X: 154

Orcades Latin name of Orkney Islands. See Orkney. (C.O.D.) n 7:886

Orcus in Roman mythology, another name for Dis, the god of the underworld. In Ilion, the reference is to Hades. (M.I.) n 5:476

Oread(s) in Greek mythology, nymph(s) of mountains and hills who lived in caves and on mountain tops. They were close to Artemis, the huntress, with whom they played and danced. (Col. Enc.) n 5:495, 543 7:786 27: 103-05

Orestes’ in Greek legend, prince of Myce- nae. He was the only son of Clytemnes- tra and Agamemnon. When Orestes was a child, his father was murdered by Clytem- nestra and her lover Aegisthus, and the boy was sent away to a distant land. When, how- ever, Orestes grew up, he returned and avenged the murder by killing his mother and her lover, 8:409-10

Orestes2 in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, a Trojan warrior known for his swiftness. (M.I.)  5:458

Oridamas in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer, name of a Syrian soldier. (A)  6:102

The Orient Orient Illustrated Weekly of Calcutta, started probably in 1936. (Purani)  27:417

TheOrient(al) See East, the

The Origins of Aryan Speech title of a book Sri Aurobindo proposed to write. He was able to draft only two or three chapters. One chapter, entitled "Introductory", is published in Vol. 10 of SABCL. Another draft (which seems to be an earlier version) is published in Vol. 27. A few pages written by Sri Aurobindo in continuation of this draft, but in another notebook, were discovered after- wards and published in Sri Aurobindo:

Archives and Research, Vol. 2, No. 1 (April 1978). (A &R, III: 90)  10:548, 551 27:161, 163 111:58

Orion a conspicuous constellation easily recognisable from the equator. It is represented pictorially as the

figure of a warrior with a belt and a sword hanging from it. In Greek mythology, Orion was a gigantic Boeotian hunter who, after his death, became a constellation. (Col. Enc.) n 5:112 12:475 27:262

Orion Originally written as an essay and submitted to the Ninth Oriental Congress held in London in 1892, the Orion brought international reputation to its author, Bal Gangadhar Tilak. After making additions and alterations suggested to him by further thought and discussion, Tilak brought it out in book-form in 1893 under the title The Orion or Researches into the Antiquity of the Vedas. It is a monument to his erudition, which acquired worldwide recognition in oriental research. (Karandikar, pp. 117-18) 0 17:349

Orissa a state of northern India. During most of the period of British rule, between 1765 and 1911, Orissa formed part of the province of Bengal. In 1911, it was separated from Bengal and joined with the province of Bihar, which itself was separated from Bengal at the same time. In 1936 Orissa became a separate province, and in 1950, with the addition of former princely states, it became the present state of Orissa. The land corresponding roughly with modern Orissa but at times much larger in area, passed under the names of Utkala, Kalinga, and Odra Desa in ancient and medieval times. The last name gradually transformed into Uddisa, Udisa, which in English became Orissa. (Enc. Br., Macro., Vol. 13) Der: Orissan; Oriyas (inhabitants of Orissa)  1: 645 3: 85 5: 254 14: 375 26: 409-10 VI: 141

Oriya northeastern Indo-Aryan language spoken by about twenty million persons, mainly in the state of Orissa. It is one of the regional languages recognized by the Indian constitution. It is closely related to Maithili, Assamese, and Bengali. Oriya’s literary style borrows heavily from Sanskrit. (Enc. Br.)  VI: 140-41

Orkney formerly an insular county of northeastern Scotland, consisting of Orkney Islands or Orkneys, a group of more than 70 islands and islets (only about 20 of which are inhabited). Since the administrative reorganisation of 1975, they form one of three Islands areas. (Col. Enc, ; Enc. Br.)  7:886

Ormuz or Hormuz, an island off South Iran, in the Strait of Hormuz between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The town of Hormuz, originally built on the mainland, was moved to the island at the time of the invasion of Jenghiz Khan. When it was on the mainland it had an abundance of palm, indigo, grain, and spices, and by c. 1200 had monopolized trade with India and China. The New Hormuz, on the island, also gradually superseded Qeys as the most important Persian Gulf emporium, and again became a market for India and dominated other Gulf islands. (Col. Enc.; Enc.Br.) a 14:63

Ormuzd See Ahura Mazda

O’Roark a character participating in "A Dialogue" (incomplete) which Sri Aurobindo wrote sometime around 1891. (A & R, II) a II: 8

Orontes river formed in the valley of El Bika in Lebabon. It flows through Syria and Turkey into the Mediterranean. (Col. Enc.) a 6:352

Orphean of ORPHEUS 0 5:405

Orpheus in Greek mythology, celebrated Thracian bard. The music of his lyre charmed the wild beasts, the trees, and the rocks. He married the nymph Eurydice. She met her death by a snake-bite while fleeing the advances ofAristaeus; and Orpheus, disconsolate, went to Hades in search of her. The gods of the underworld, charmed by his music, restored his wife to him, but forbade him to look at her until he reached the earth. He disobeyed, and Eurydice vanished. When Orpheus returned to Thrace, his grief led him to scorn all women. Orpheus is con- sidered the founder of Orphism. He is some- times referred to as "inventor of music". (Col. Enc.) a 3:95 10:439 27:153 XV: 20 XVI: 138

Orphic of Orpheus, or of Orphism, the doctrines or mysteries associated with his name. Orphic mysteries were secret religious rites in worship of Dionysus. (Col. Enc.) n 7:1061 9:197 10:4-5, 25 11:4 16:339 29:777 XV: 20

Orringham in Sri Aurobindo’s story "The Door at Abelard", a village two miles from STREADHEW. (A) a 7:1025, 1027, 1041

Oms in Sri Aurobindo’s epic Ilion, a Trojan senator and warrior. (M.I.) n 5:412, 461

Osboume, Lloyd (1868-1947), American author. He wrote novels and stories, and collaborated with Stevenson in the writing of The Wrong Box, The Wrecker, and Ebb Tide. (Col. Enc.) n 3:184

Oscan(s) Italic tribe that first settled Pompeii and Herculaneum in Campania (a region of South Italy) (Enc.Br.) n 1:525 15:344

Ossa a mountain of northeastern Thessaly in Greece. The giants named the Aloidae tried to pile Pe’lion on Ossa in order to reach heaven(?). (Col. Enc.) a 9:150

Ossian controversy MACPHERSON produced two epics, Fingal (1762) and Tremor (1763), purporting to be translations from the Gaelic of an Irish warrior-poet called Ossian (Scottish Gaelic name for Oisin). They were much admired (by Goethe among others) for their romantic spirit and rhythm, but their authen- ticity was challenged notably by Dr. Johnson. The epics infuriated Irish scholars because they mixed Fenian and Ulster legends indiscriminately and because Macpherson claimed the Irish heroes were Caledonians and a glory to Scotland’s rather than Ireland’s past. (Ox. Comp.;Enc. Br.) a 11:18

Ostende French form of Ostend, a city of West Flanders province in northern Belgium. It is a port and resort on the North Sea. (Col. Enc.) a 7:1048

Othello principal character – the Moor, in the service of Venice – in Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, The Moor of Venice. Othello’s friend lago falsely accuses Othello’s bride Desdemona of infidelity, and tricks Othello into believing him. Othello murders Desdemona, but when he learns that lago’s accusation was false, he commits suicide. (Shakes.) Der: Othellolike a 3: 302 12: 37, 39, 470, 481 26: 327 27: 207 I: 40

Ottoman Ottomans were the successors of Osman I (1259-1326), the ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia, who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state. Both the name of the dynasty and the empire are derived from the Arabic form (‘Uthman) of his name. The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after World War I; its possessions formed separate states, and its centre was reorganized as the republic of Turkey. (Col. Enc.) o 2: 167, 169 15: 287, 417

Oudh (Avadha), the modern name of the ancient kingdom of Koshala, watered by the Sarju, a tributary of the Ganga. It is a region to the northwest of Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh). (D.I.H.) a 27:42

Ouranos the Greek heaven, the sky. In Greek religion, the sky-god was known as Uranus. See Uranus’. (A) a 10: 27, 106 XV: 44 XVII: 45

Ouspensky, Peter Demianovitch (1878-1947), Russian philosopher, the most influential disciple of Gurdjieff and expounder of his theories. He broke away from Gurdjieff in 1924, and continued his work independent- ly. (Enc. Br.;Enc. Unex.) a 22:159, 459

Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC – AD 17), Roman poet whose work has had immense influence both for its imaginative interpretation of the classical world and as an example of supreme technical accomplishment. (Enc. Br.) Der: Ovidian a 5: 342 7: 845, 860 26: 243 29: 789

Oxford (Dictionary) The Oxford English Dictionary, consisting of 12 volumes plus a supplement. Published in 1933, the dictionary is a corrected and updated revision of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, which was published in 10 volumes from 1884 to 1928. The Concise Oxford (Dictionary) was adapted by H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler. (Enc. Br.) n 26:313, 319-26

Oxford Street a street in London. The Bayswater Road, running along the Hyde Park on the north, is continued as Oxford Street beyond its crossing with Park Lane. (Pears) n 7: 1017

Oxford (University) one of the two ancient universities of England, located in Oxford. Like Cambridge it had its beginnings in the early 12th century. In the early 1970s the enrolment in its various constituent colleges was about 11, 000. (Col. Enc.) n 3:130, 132, 184 12:53 XIV:163

Oxus the modern Amu Darya, a river in central and eastern Asia, flowing from the Pamir Plateau to the Aral Sea. The poet referred to in the phrase "the Oxus of the poet" (VIII: 186) is Matthew Arnold who uses the river as an image in his poem Sohrab and Rustam. (M.I.) n 5:412, 418, 461 6: 380 VIII: 186

Oyomei (1472-1529), name in Japanese of the Chinese scholar-official whose idealistic interpretation of Nee-Confucianism influenced philosophical thinking in East Asia for centuries. (Enc. Br.) 1-1 1: 67

P

P in Record of Yoga, used mostly for Parthasarathi.

Pabna administrative headquarters of Pabna district in Rajshahi division of Bengal, now in Bangladesh. Pabna is an industrial centre. (Enc. Br.) n 1:357, 369-70, 437,

452-53, 478, 698, 702, 726, 733-34, 747-48, 754-55, 809, 825, 840, 850, 896 2: 176, 186-89, 191, 196-97:200, 315-16, 321 4:175, 247 XIV: 101

Padachinha in Bankim Chandra’s novel Ananda Math, name of a village of Bengal. (A) D 8: 318-19, 333, 347

Padma main channel of the Ganga below its bifurcation into Bhagirathi and Padma Rivers in Rajshahi division, Bangladesh. After receiving the Brahmaputra River near Rajbari, the Padma continues southeastward to join the Meghna River through a channel two miles wide. The combined streams continue south to the Bay of Bengal as the Meghna. The Padma is navigable for its entire 190- mile course by river’streamers. (Enc. Br.) D XIX: 21

Padmanabha (1878-1970), South Indian statesman, social reformer, and gallant fighter for the masses. (Enc. Ind.) 0 1:745, 752

Padma Purana one of the eighteen major Puranas, generally ranked second on the list. The tone of the whole Purana is strongly Vaishnava. It contains an account of the period when the world was a golden lotus "padma", and of all the occurrences of that time. It has about 55, 000 stanzas. (Dow.) 0 3:312

Pahlavas name of a people, the Parthians or Persians. (M.W.) a XVIII: 138

Paisachi one of the Prakrit languages, known through grammarians’ statements. (Enc. Br.) n 14:186

Pakistan The Muslim state created by the British Government in August 1947 to appease the Muslims agitating under the leadership of M. A. Jinnah, splitting India on the basis of the two-nation theory. Pakistan, an Islamic theocratic state, originally comprised North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sind, West Punjab, and separated from these by more than a thousand miles of Indian territory – East Bengal (later called East Pakistan). In 1971 East Pakistan revolted and became independent with Indian armed assistance, and renamed itself Bangladesh. (D.I.H.) n 26:172, 409

Pal a character – representing Bipin Chandra Pal – in "The Slaying of Congress", a tragedy published in Bande Mataram (February 1908). n 1:673-74.679-80

Pal, Banamali a pleader in the French Court of Chandernagore, through whom Sri Aurobindo communicated with Motilal Roy. Var: Banomali Pal a 27:426, 444

Pal, Bepin (Chandra) (1858-1932), a national leader, considered by Sri Aurobindo at one time to be "the best and most original political thinker in the country, an excellent writer and magnificent orator" (26: 29). He was one of the prominent leaders of the new nationalist movement in Bengal, belonging to the militant extremist section of the Congress and working in cooperation with Tilak, Lajpat Rai, and Sri Aurobindo. He took a leading part in organising the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905, and popularized the concepts of "Swadeshi" and "Swaraj". For refusing to give evidence in the prosecution of Bande Mataram, he was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment (11 September 1907). Bepin Pal was also a journalist, and editor of The Independent. (A;Enc. Br.;Purani; N.S.I.) a 1:81, 150, 163, 167, 169, 177-78, 195, 210, 217, 303, 324, 329, 333-34, 336, 338, 352, 408, 492, 500, 505, 529-31, 542, 556, 580, 587, 609, 616, 628, 634, 656, 660, 715, 724-26, 740, 742, 744, 749-51, 770, 772.787, 795-96, 813, 816, 819-21, 823, 828, 837, 847, 855 2: 2, 22, 77, 120-21, 224, 233, 235-36, 239, 314, 371 4:63, 178, 204-05, 261, 300-01 17:364 26:16, 27-29, 40, 42-43, 46, 56, 59 27: pre., 39, 54, 437, 461 II: 3 VIII: 125

Pal, Kristo Das (1838-84), Bengali journalist, editor of the Hindu Patriot. In politics he was a loyalist but he championed the cause of the progressive realisation of self- government. He was made a Rai Bahadur in 1887 and a C.I.E. the following year. (D.N.B.)  3:80, 99-100

Pal, (Rai Bahadur) Srinath a Moderate leader who addressed the Bengal Provincial Conference of the Congress held at Ber- hampur in March 1907. (A) Var: Rai Srinath Pal Bahadur  1:236, 244, 255

Paladin any of the Twelve Peers of Charlemagne’s court, of whom Count Palatine was the chief; knight-errant. (C.O.D.) 5:183

Palancotta now spelled Palayamkottai, a town near Tirunelveli (modern name of Tinnevelly) in Tamil Nadu state (formerly in Madras province). (S.Atlas) n 1:793

Palestine name of a territory on the eastern Mediterranean coast, occupied in biblical times by the kingdoms of Israel and Judah and, in the 20th century, the scene of conflicting claims between Jewish and Arab national movements. Also called the Holy Land, it is sacred in varying degrees to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Palestine’s frontiers have fluctuated widely throughout history. In the Bible, Palestine is called CANAAN before the invasion of Joshua. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) D 1:605 14:402 15:646

Pali sacred language of the Theravada Buddhist canon, a Middle Indo-Aryan language of North Indian origin. Pali seems closely related to the Old Indo-Aryan Vedic and Sanskrit but is apparently not directly descended from either of these. (Enc. Br.) a 14:186, 256, 294, 315

Palit, T. Sir Taraknath Palit (1831-1914), a highly successful barrister of Calcutta who made munificent donations for the spread of the knowledge of science and for national education. He took the initiative in founding a Technical Institute in Calcutta. After some time, however, he was disappointed by its performance and withdrew his patronage. In the political field, Palit was a leader of the Moderate group. (D.N.B.; B.P.P., p. 59)  1:156 2:337

Pallachus in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, an aged Trojan senator. (M.I.)  5:412

Palladian of PALLADIUM.  5:512

Palladium in Greek and Roman religion, an ancient sacred image of Pallas Athene which was the guardian of a city. The Palladium of Troy is especially famous. It was sent down from heaven by Zeus to Dardanus or to his descendant, Ilus (the founder of Troy). In Greek legend Diomedes and Odysseus stole or carried it off, thus making possible the sack of Troy. In Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, however, the statue is shattered by dark gods, Themis, Dis, and Ananke in order to fulfil the will of Zeus. (Col. Enc.; M.I.)  5:399

Pallas (Athene) in Greek mythology, Pallas is a name or title of Athene, of uncertain meaning and origin. Pallas Athene is also a character in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer. (Col. Enc.)  [Indexed with Athene]

Pallava(s) Indian dynasty of kings who ruled from the early 4th century to the late 9th century over the region covered by the modern districts of North and South Arcot, Madras, Tiruchchirappalli and Thanjavur, and at times even beyond. The earliest Pallava kings were great builders. They founded the town of Mahabalipuram, cut wonderful buildings out of living rock and built temples with remarkable relief sculptures. In about 880 the Pallava dominion passed under the rule of Chola kings. (D.I.H.;Enc.Br.) 13:39 14:235, 237 15:264 17:278, 300

Palleas a character – a forester – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Witch ofllni. 0 7:1057, 1072

Palli Samaj or Palli Samiti. a village society or association. Regarded as "the seed of Swaraj", such societies were organised in 1905 as part of the Swadeshi or Swaraj movement. (A) a 1:733, 884

Pamela or Virtue Rewarded, Richardson’s first novel (1740), epistolary in form. Pamela was recommended even from pulpits and was dramatised several times. (Enc. Br.) a 9:480

Pan in Greek religion, pastoral god of fertility. He was worshipped principally in Arcadia. All his myths deal with amorous affairs. In a famous myth he pursued the nymph Syrinx, but before she was overtaken her sister nymphs changed her into a reed. Thus Pan plays the reed, or syrinx, in memory of her. (Col. Enc.)  5:20, 33

Pancanada See Punjab

Panchadasi a well-known book in Sanskrit verse on Vedanta by the sage Vidyaranya. (M.W.) D 26:113

Panchajanya (Pancaj any a), name of Sri Krishna’s conch, formed from the shell of the sea-demon Pancaj ana. The demon, who lived in a conch-shell, seized the son of Sandipani, under whom Sri Krishna had learnt the use of arms. Krishna rescued the boy, killed the demon, and afterwards used the conch-shell as a horn. (Dow.) a 4:76, 82 8:77

Panchala name of an ancient country which has sometimes been identified with the Pun- jab, and with a little territory in the more immediate neighbourhood of Hastinapur. Its people were known as Pancalas. (Dow.; M.N.) Der: Panchals; Panchalas  3:143, 162, 189-91, 193, 195-96, 203, 205, 207 4: 83, 93, 95 8:41, 59 27:79 IV: 115 VI: 156 VII: 52

Panchali Sapatham the title (literally meaning "Draupadi’s Vow") of a Tamil poem by Subramania Bharati. It is written in epic style and in a simple form intelligible to the common man. The narrative, taken from the Mahabharata, is divided into two parts: the first comprising two cantos of 204 verses; the second, three cantos of 104 verses. The first part was published from Pondicherry in 1912, and it is evidently to this publication that Sri Aurobindo refers in the "Record of Yoga"., n XXI: 51

Panchatantra a collection of Indian animal fables which, translated into several languages, has had extensive circulation throughout the world. The original Sanskrit text, now lost, may have been written at any time between 100 BC and AD 500. It was a mixture of prose and stanzas of verse. The introduction attributes the stories to Visnu- sarman, who used the form of animal fables to instruct the three sons of a king. The Hitopadesa ("Good Advice"), composed by Narayana in the 12th century, appears to be an independent treatment of the Pancha- tantra material. (Enc. Br.) n 3:314, 318 4: 252 14:256, 306

Pandava(s) in the Mahabharata, the five sons of Pandu – Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva, who were victorious in the great epic war with their cousins, the Kauravas. (Enc. Br.) Var: Pandav(s)  3:143, 161, 169, 178, 191-92, 195, 197, 200-01, 203-04, 208, 354 4:67-68, 75, 82-85, 93-94, 97 8:27-28, 30-31, 50-51, 53, 57, 60, 77-78 13:151, 161, 166, 350 26:396-97 27:80, 83 IV: 116 VII: 51

Pandemian of Pandemos, "goddess of all the people", an epithet of Aphrodite originally alluding to her role in marriage and family life, later used to distinguish her aspect of sensual lust from the higher love represented by Aphrodite Urania (see Uranian). (M.I.)  5:500

Pandharpur religious and administrative town in Sholapur district of Maharashtra state, on the Bhima River, west of Sholapur town. (Enc. Br.) D 1:1

Pand(o)u in the Mahabharata, brother of King Dhritarashtra of Hastinapur and father ofthePandavas. (Dow.)  3:151-52, 169, 190, 208 4:76-77 8:51, 59-60, 77, 90, 93 IV: 115

Pandurang Antoba one of the persons of Nasik who welcomed Sri Aurobindo with pansupdriat his house on 24 January 1908. (A) D 1:1

Pandya(s) Pandya, Chola, and Chera were three kingdoms in the south of the Indian peninsula for some centuries before and after the Christian era. Pandya was a Tamil dynasty of the extreme south. Whether independent or tributary, seventeen rajahs are known to have ruled the country from 1100 to 1567. The capital of Pandya was Madurai. Pandya seems to have fallen under the ascendancy of Chola kings in the 7th or 8th century/The people of the country were known as Pandyas. (Dow.; Enc. Br.) Der: Pandyan a 8: 40 15: 264 17: 372-73

Pani See Pani(s)

Panini (fl. 6th or 5th cent. BC), celebrated Sanskrit grammarian, author of the work called Pdniniyam or Astddhydyi, the oldest known grammar of Sanskrit and perhaps the oldest extant grammar in the world. In olden times he was placed among the Rishis. He is said to have received a large portion of his work by direct inspiration from the god Shiva. (Dow.; Enc. Br.)  3: 199 10: 191

Panipat a town in Kamal district of Punjab (now in Haryana state), 56 miles north of Delhi. It has been the scene of three successive battles (in 1526, 1556 and 1761), each of which profoundly influenced the course of Indian history. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.)  1:633 26:353

Pani(s) in the Veda, the lords of the lower sense mentality. They steal from us the rays of the illumined consciousness, the brilliant herds of the sun and pen them up in the caverns of the subconscient in the dense hill of matter. They are set in opposition to the Aryan gods and Aryan seers and workers. (V.G.;Dow.)  10:26, 44, 99-100, 104, 119-20, 122, 134-37, 139-41, 147-48, 150-51, 155, 160-61, 164, 166, 169, 172-74, 176, 182-83, 185, 187, 190, 194, 199, 203-04, 207, 209-10, 212, 215-34, 236-37, 250, 297, 346, 431, 433-34, 450, 493 11:9-10, 13, 17, 27, 29, 467 22:361, 364 27: 191 VII: 39 IX: 7 XV: 27, 49 XVI: 144, 152 XVII: 44-45, 56, 58

Panjab See Punjab

Pannyre aux talons d’or a famous poem by the French poet Albert Samain. (A)  26: 341

Pansies a poem by D. H. Lawrence.  9: 539

Pantheos (in Greek, pan = all; theos = God); the Godhead as cosmic spirit. (A) 16: 156 18: 352, 441 19: 770

Panti’s Math formerly an open field ("matha" in Bengali) in Cornwallis Street, Calcutta, opposite the Brahmo Samaj and near the Academy Club. The club and the field were a meeting-place of leading writers, politicians, lawyers and others. Later, the hostel for students of the Metropolitan or Vidyasagar College was erected on Panti’s Math. (B.P.P., p. 48) n l: 850 4: 206

Paphia  in Greek mythology, an epithet ofAphrodite, who had a sanctuary at PAPHOS. (M.I.)  5: 499

Paphian marriage marriage like that of Paphia (i.e. Aphrodite). Aphrodite was the wife of Hephaestus, but she loved Ares to whom she bore Eros and Anteros. She also gave her favours to Anchises. (Col. Enc.) a 7: 1078

Paphlagon Paphlagonia, an ancient mountainous territory of northern Asia Minor, between Bithynia and Pontus on the Black Sea coast. It was not a political unit. In the Trojan War the Paphlagonians were allies of Troy. (Col. Enc.; M.I.)  5:418

Paphos There were two ancient cities of this name in southwestern Cyprus, on the sea coast: Old Paphos which was probably founded by the Phoenicians and was the centre of the worship of Astarte or Aphro- dite (ruins of her temple have been found); and New Paphos, now Baffo, which lay ten miles to the northwest (it was the capital of the island in Roman times). The reference in llion is to Old Paphos. (Col. Enc.)  5: 499, 501

Paracelsus Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus (real name: Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim) (1493-1541), Swiss physician, alchemist, and chemist. He established the role of chemistry in medicine, and was the author of numerous medical and occult works. (Enc. Br.)  3: 464 27: 181 XVII: 11 XVIII: 154

Paradise Lost Milton’s masterpiece and the last great literary epic, published in 1667. Its theme is the Fall of man. A blank-verse poem in twelve books, it closely follows the conventions of the classical epic. It is notable for its characterization of the fallen archangel Lucifer, who dominates the work. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.)  3:226, 293 4:284 9: 83-85, 347 26: 245, 258-60, 277 29: 791, 797-98 X: 143

Paradise Regained blank-verse poem in four books, by Milton, published in 1671. It is a sequel to his epic Paradise Lost, and deals with the temptation of Christ in the desert by Satan. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 9:85, 474 26: 277

Parameshthi "who stands in the highest place", an epithet of Brahma; this title can be applied to any superior god. (A) 0 12: 415-16

Paranjape, Prof. S. M. Shivaram Mahadeo Paranjape (1864-1929), scholar, author, orator, journalist, and above all, eminent political thinker and propagandist, both under Tilak and Gandhi. He started and conducted two weeklies, Kal (Marathi) and Swarajya.

He was Professor of Sanskrit at Maharashtra College, Poona, in 1896-97. (D.N.B.-III: 311)  27: 62

Parasara1 (fl. 13th or 14th cent. BC), Hindu sage, father of Vyasa and author of a Smriti known as Parasara Dharma-samhitd. He also wrote eight other books on various branches of knowledge. (Apte; B.P.C.)  2:404 3: 120 14: 166 VIII: 187

Parasara2 in Record of Yoga, used as variant of Parashara (Shaktya). See next entry.

Parashara (Shaktya) a Vedic Rishi, son of the Rishi Sakti; author of Suktas 65 to 73, Mandala 1, and verses 31 to 44ofSukta 97, Mandala 9 of Rig-veda. Var: Parasara (in "Record of Yoga")  10:191-93, 195, 198, 210-11 11: 13, 51 XXI: 23

Paras(h)urama (Rama of the Axe), the "first Rama" and the sixth incarnation of Vishnu;

"the violent man" and destroyer of Kshatriyas. He was the son of the Brahmin sage Jamadagni, and is said to have cleared the earth of Kshatriyas twenty-one times and given it to the Brahmins. His story is told in the Mahabharata and the Puranas. He also appears in the Ramayana, but chiefly as an opponent ofRamachandra, whose true identity (the "second Rama" and the seventh incarnation of Vishnu) he did not at first know. (Dow.) Var: Purshurama; Rama n 3: 190 8: 39-40 13: 157, 161 27: 152 VI: 156

Pariah a generic term applied by Westerners to the low-caste groups of Hindu India. The term once referred to the Paraiyan (literally and perhaps originally drummers, beating on skin drums and therefore unclean), a Tamil caste group of labourers and village servants of low status, but the meaning was extended to embrace many groups with widely varying degrees of status outside the so-called clean caste groups. (Enc. Br.; C.O.D.) n 1:66, 537 8: 92 13: 321

Parichaya famous Bengali monthly journal of a high literary standard, edited by Pra- matha Chowdhuri. It was started about 1920. Rabindranath Tagore, Sudhindranath Datta and many other distinguished writers were connected with this journal and contributed to it. 0 9: 441

Parikshit in the Mahabharata, son of Abhimanyu and Uttara. He was grandson of Arjuna and father of Janamejaya. When Yudhishthira retired, Parikshit succeeded him as king of Hastinapur.

He died of snak’e-bite as a result of a curse. (Dow.)  4:99 6:205, 227, 257, 277 22:425 26:397

Parinaca a character – an attendant in Vuthsa Udayan’s palace – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Vasavadutta.  6:207, 219-20

Paris’ also known as Alexander, in Greek legend, a Trojan prince, son of Priam and Hecuba, reputed to be the handsomest of mortal men. Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite chose him as judge in their dispute over the Apple of Discord, inscribed "for the fairest". Athene offered him victory in war, Hera royal power, and Aphrodite promised Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world. Paris chose Aphrodite, and then, on her advice, he travelled to Sparta, met Helen, and carried her off. This caused the Trojan War in which Paris killed Achilles and was him- self mortally wounded by Philoctetes. (Col. Enc.) a 5: 400, 402, 416-17, 420, 423, 427, 432-36, 448-50, 452-53, 455, 458-60, 467, 478, 480, 483, 488-89, 493, 501, 504.513, 595 7: 825, 876 9: 482 10: 26 VI: 134-35 XVII: 44

Paris2 capital and dominant city of France, situated on the banks of the River Seine. (Enc.Br.) Der: Parisian a 1:30, 32, 37, 349 2: 342, 371, 385 3: 454-55, 458-60 5: 120 14: 9, 64 15: 88, 265, 611 17: 403 19:762 25:360, 372 26:419 27:115, 466, 471 V:94 VI:199

Parjanya I. a Vedic deity, giver of the rain of heaven, or rain personified. Three hymns in the Rig-veda are addressed to this deity. He is the protector of the sign Jar (Aquarius) of the Zodiac. 2. one of the Adityas. (Dow.; A) a 10:4 11:32 17: 257 V: 24

Parmanand better known as Bhai Parmanand (1874-1947), the Arya Samaj teacher who was dismissed by the D.A.V. College (Lahore) authorities in 1910 when the case against him for possessing in- criminating documents was finally decided and he was bound over for three years. In 1915, in the Lahore Conspiracy Case, he was condemned to death, but the Viceroy was approached and he reduced the sentence to transportation for life. Later Bhai Parma- nand became a prominent worker of the Hindu Mahasabha of Punjab, and was elected itspresidentinl933. (D.N.B.; P.T.I. ;R.O.H.) a 2:363 4:247

Parnassus a mountain in southwestern Phocis (Greece), anciently sacred to Apollo, Dionysus, and the Muses. Its modern name is Liakura or Liakoura. (Col. Enc.) D 5: 28 9: 484

Parnassians a group of 19th-century French poets headed by Leconte de Lisle, who in reaction against the emotional and verbal imprecision of the Romantics, stressed’ restraint, objectivity, technical perfection, and precise description. The Parnassians derived their name from the anthology to which they contributed, Le Parnasse Contemporain (1866). (Enc. Br.)  9: 96

Pamell, Charles Stewart (1846-91), Irish nationalist leader who excelled in uniting different elements of Irish patriots. He encouraged boycott as a means of bringing pressure on landlords and land agents. Parnell was arrested and put in prison; from there he issued a no-rent manifesto, the popularity of which caused him to be referred to as the "uncrowned king of Ireland". After his death in 1891 Sri Aurobindo wrote a poem on him. (Col. Enc.) Der: Pamellism; Pamellite 1: 97, 367-68, 501, 637 2:394 4: pre. 5:15 26:17

Les Paroles etemelles "Collections of the central sayings of great sages of all times by Paul Richard" (27: 456). He compiled them with the collaboration of his younger brother at Paris in 1912-13. Their publication was started at Pondicherry in a series in the French edition ofArya. But with the closing down of this edition after its seventh issue in February 1915, the publication of the series also abruptly came to an end. Only the Introduction and part of Book I were printed. An English translation of the "Paroles", however, kept coming out regularly in the English edition ofArya up to its last issue of January 1921, under the title THE ETERNAL WISDOM. This too remained incomplete. (E.W.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov.l913-0ct. '27]

Parr, Dr. an unknown person, apparently qualified in some utilitarian art or subject like cooking, dressing, engineering, schoolmastery, etc. (A) 1-1 14: 66

Parsi(s) a religious community of India, practising Zoroastrianism. They are descen- dants of Zoroastrians who fled Persia and took shelter in India in the 7th century to avoid persecution by Muslims (Arabs). The community is closely united and is one of the most educated groups of India. (Enc. Br.) Var: Parsees a 1:189, 210-11, 218, 755 2: 245, 385 3: 123 27: 40 VIII: 190 XVI: 166

Parsvanath Hill Parsvanatha Hill (4, 479 ft.), in Bihar state, named after the 23rd Tirthankar, or saint, of

the Jain religion, who died on this hill.

It is perhaps the most ancient of Jain sacred shrines. (Enc. Ind.) a VIII: 134

Partha in the Mahabharata, "son of Prtha or Kunti", a title applicable to the three elder Pandavas but especially used for Arjun. (Dow.) a [Indexed with Arjun(a)]

Parthasarathi S. Parthasarathi Aiyangar (1880-1929), younger brother of Mandayam S. Srinivasachariyar (see Srinivasa), and an associate of Sri Aurobindo in Pondicherry. It is said that he met Sri Aurobindo in Calcutta in 1909 or 1910 and suggested to him to come to Pondicherry. Parthasarathi was an advocate of Madras; he received his earlier education in Pondicherry. An ardent con- tributor, like his two elder brothers, to the revolutionary struggle for the liberation of his motherland, Parthasarathi was a great admirer of the ancient Indian spiritual culture. In his "Record of Yoga" Sri Aurobindo referred to him as "P", and in one of his letters to "M" (27: 433) as "P.S.", also possibly as "Psalmodist" in another letter (27:439). (B. Gita) a 27:426, 433, 454 (Sarathi) XX: 147 XXI: 56 XXII: 157

Parthenon a temple dedicated to the goddess Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It is the culminating masterpiece of Greek architecture, built between 447 and 432 BC under the rule of Pericles. (Col. Enc.)  5:484 9:192, 381 14: 213

Parthia an ancient country of western Asia, southeast of the Caspian Sea, corresponding roughly to the modern region of Khorasan in Iran. In 250 BC the Parthians freed them- selves from the rule of the Seleucidae and founded the Parthian empire. At its height, in the 1st century BC, this empire extended from the Euphrates across Afghanistan to the Indus and from the Oxus to the Indian Ocean. (Col. Enc.) Der: Parthian 6: 64, 333, 338, 340-41, 343. 347, 353-54, 356, 362-63, 365, 368, 372-73, 376-78, 380-82, 386-89, 392, 396, 399-401, 407-08, 430, 432, 436-37, 440-41, 443, 445, 448, 451, 456, 469 8:61 14: 367, 376

Paruchchhepa Daivodasi a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Divodasa, to whom a series of hymns in the Rig-veda is attributed. (V. Index) Var: Puruchchhepa Daivodasi a 10: 148 11: 71

Parushni (Parusni), in the Veda, name of a river that has a multitude of currents; according to Yaska it is the river later called the Ravi (Iravati). (A; V. Index) D 10:542 11:365

Parvati in Hindu religion, daughter of Himavan (Himalaya) and consort of the god Shiva. The couple had two sons, the elephant- headed Ganesa and the six-headed Skanda. Parvati is the benevolent aspect of the goddess Sakti. The other names of Parvati that occur in Sri Aurobindo’s writings are: Gauri, Haimavati, and Uma. (Dow.) a 3:226-27, 231, 271, 308-09, 311, 313, 315, 319 8: 44, 107, 119, 386 12: 150 17: 271-72 20: 481 22: 389, 391 25:74 26:307 IV: 174 XX: 137

Pascal, Blaise (1623-62), French mathema- tician, physicist, religious philosopher, and writer. He was the founder of the modem theory of probabilities. His ideas on religion influenced Rousseau, Bergson and the Existentialists. (Enc. Br.) n 15:126

Pasha, Boutros See Boutros Pasha

Pasha, Mahmud Shevket See Mahmud Shevket Pasha

Pasha, Mustafa Kamil See Mustafa Kamil (Pasha)

Pashavi See under Pashu

Pashu the lowest of the ten forms of consciousness in the evolutionary scale of man. In this stage mind is concentrated entirely on the Annam or matter. (A) Der: Pashavi D VI: 183-84, 186, 189-93 XIV: 149

Pas(h)upati "Lord of Wild Life" (3:245); the lord of the animal (in man); a name of the Hindu god Shiva. (A) a 3:245 10: 336 17:378 27:105

Pasithea a character – a Syrian woman – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer. D 6: 3, 115-16, 124-25, 139-40

Passage to India the last long poem of Whitman which appeared in the 1871 edition of Leaves of Grass. Part of the poem was first published in 1868 in the Atlantic Monthly. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) a 9:181

The Passions, an Ode for Music one of the odes of Collins, published in his collection Odes in 1747. (Ox. Comp.) a n: 14

Pastorals the Pastorals of Pope, poems which, according to the author, were written when he was

sixteen and published in 1709. They show his precocious metrical skill. (Ox. Comp.) D I: 12

Pasupati See Pas(h)upati

Patala in Hindu mythology, name applied to the infernal regions, especially to the nethermost of the seven infernal regions, in which Vasuki rules over the chief Nagas or snake-gods; "the grey under-world and kingdom of serpents" (27:159); "the subconscient below the earth" (23:970). (Dow.; A) 0 3:176 4:219, 365 5:249, 258, 325 10: 336 12:466-68 22: 361-62 23:970 26: 271 27: 159, 326 I: 21 II: 78-80 XIX: 53 XX: 129 XXI: 14

Patanjali (fl. 2nd cent. BC or 5th cent. AD), traditional author (or one of the authors) Of two great Hindu classics: the Yogasutras, a categorization of Yogic thought arranged in four volumes; and the Mahabhasya, which is both a defence of the grammarian Panini against his chief critic and detractor Katya- yana and a refutation of some of Panini’s aphorisms. The Yogasutras seems to span several centuries, the first three volumes apparently written in the 2nd century BC and the last volume in the 5th century AD. Authorities therefore tend to credit more than one author writing under the name Patanjali, although there is a wide variance in opinion. The possibility that many men used the name is given strength by the fact that it was used by the authors of a number of other works on such diverse subjects as medicine, prosody, music, and alchemy. The name itself is obviously a pseudonym. (Enc. Br.) a 3: 406-09, 450 11: 455 13: 5, 63 19: 879 20: 50, 473 21: 826 22: 104, 143 23: 735 24: 1236 26: 113 27: 371 VIII: 171, 183 XVII: 10, 12 XVIII: 163

Patel Vithalbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (1873- 1933), a pleader of Bombay and a nationalist leader. He was elected to the Bombay Assembly in 1912 and to the Imperial Assembly (Council) in 1917. He joined Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 and was arrested several times. He died in exile in Switzerland. (Enc. Ind.) a XVI: 190

Pater, Walter Horatio (1839-94), English critic and essayist, known for his painstakingly fastidious style. His highly personal criticisms of painting and of literature were halfway between scholarship and original artistic creation. (Enc. Br.) a 9:545

Pathan name applied to the Pashtu-speaking tribes of southeastern Afghanistan and north- western Pakistan. The term has some- times been loosely used to denote all the Muslim sultans of Delhi from Qutbuddin to Ibrahim Lodi. (Enc. Br.; D.I.H.)  4:140 5:284-85,288-89 14:-187,329,370, 378 15:341 IX: 1,2