-19_Glossary and Index Page 210 to 225.htm

Milan a leading financial, industrial, and commercial city of Italy and capital of the north Italian region of Lombardy (Lom- bardia). (Enc. Br.) o i: 501

Milford an English critic about whom Dilip Kumar Roy wrote to Sri Aurobindo in connection with Sri Aurobindo’s quantitative hexameters, a S: 551-52 9: 398-400 11:29-34

Mill, John Stuart (1806-73), English philosopher, political economist, and exponent of Utilitarianism (inherited from Jeremy Bentham), whose works contain the major strands of 19th-century philosophy, logic, and economic thought. (Enc. Br.) D 1: 427, 704 III: 10

Miltiades probably Miltiades the Younger (c. 554-489 BC), general who led the Athenian forces to victory over the Persians in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. (Enc. Br.) a III: 24

Milton, John (1608-74), one of the greatest poets of the English language. His nineteen English and five Italian sonnets are accepted as among the greatest ever written, but it is his epic Paradise Lost which has made him immortal. (Enc.Br.;Col.Enc.) Der: Miltonic; Miltonically; Miltonism a 1: 704 3: 95, 101, 107, 187, 224.235 4: 284 5: 343 9: 18, 27, 53, 60, 78, 80, 82-86, 91-92, 130-31, 146, 161, 163, 246, 272, 296-97, 304-06, 308, 310, 313, 315, 325, 343, 345, 347-48, 369, 371, 387, 395-96, 420-21, 424, 455, 475.478, 482, 485, 521, 524, 527 14: 285. 298 15: 606 26: 227, 245-46, 250-51, 259-60.262, 264, 266-67, 277, 310-11, 314 27:81, 304, 419 29:751, 757-59, 767, 791, 795-96, 798, 800, 803, 805, 807, 809 1:11 11:11-15 111:11 X-.114

Mime Antique a kind of simple farcical drama among the Greeks and Romans, characterized by mimicry and the ludicrous representation of familiar types of character. (O.E.D.) a 8: 138

Mimnermus (fl. c. 630 Be), Greek elegiac poet of Colophon. Only fragments of his poetry survive. His love poems are marked by tenderness and melancholy sentiment. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 9: 9 1:24

Minerva in Roman religion, the goddess of handicrafts, the professions, the arts, and later, of war; commonly identified with the Greek Athena. (Enc. Br.) a 1:253 10:352 11:3

Minos in Greek legend, a king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. He was known for his just rule. Idomeneus, according to Homer, was his grandson. (M.I.) a 5:418, 475, 479

Minto, Lord Gilbert (John) Elliot (Murray Kynynumond) (1845-1914), 4th Earl of Minto, British statesman. Viceroy and Governor-General of India from 1905 to 1910. Though Minto and John Morley, the Secretary of State for India, were often in conflict, they joined in sponsoring the Indian Councils Act of 1909, popularly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, which was criti- cized by Indian nationalists for its creation of separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims, fostering division among the Indian population in order to facilitate British rule. (Enc.Br.;D.I.H.) a 1:96, 133, 187, 196, 252-53, 283, 319, 327, 333-34, 337, 344-45, 362, 423, 455, 611, 624, 705, 870 2: 282, 310, 331-32, 370, 374, 381-82 4: 187, 200, 207, 214, 218, 225, 230, 235, 240, 242-43 27: 52

Mirabai (14507-1547?), a Rajput queen of Mewar who became one of the greatest saints of India. Composed in Hindi, her lyrical songs of devotion to the god Krishna are still widely popular in India. (Enc. Br.) n 9:322 14:256.318

Mirabeau Honore Gabriel Victor Riqueti (1749-91), Comte de Mirabeau, French revolutionist and statesman, one of the greatest figures in the National Assembly, the body that governed France during the early phases of the French Revolution. "Mirabeau initiated, Danton inspired, Robespierre slew. Napoleon fulfilled." (17: 378) Mirabeau, however, "was the pure Egoist" (17: 379); he loved justice and liberty, but for the sake of Mirabeau. (Web.; Col. Enc.; A) a 3: 355 16: 324 17: 378-79, 381-82

Miranda a character – daughter of Prospero – in Shakespeare’s comedy The Tempest. (Shakes.) D 26:335, 337

Miriam name in Hebrew of the Virgin Mary. (Col. Enc. under Mary) n 7:599

Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal from 1757 to 1760 and again from 1763 to 1765. He was the most outstanding of the many Indian Mohammedans who were responsible for the downfall of the Mohammedan rule in Bengal. (D.I.H.) Var: Mirzafar  1: 635, 865 8: 331

Mirra first name of Mirra Richard, born Mirra Alfassa (see The Mother). In the twenties Sri Aurobindo altered the spelling to "Mira". [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. ’27]

Mirror See (Indian) Mirror

Mirzafar See Mir Jafar

Les Miserables an exceedingly vivid and powerful French novel (1862) by Victor Hugo. The story centres around the convict Jean Valjean, a victim of society who has been imprisoned for 19 years for stealing a loaf of bread. (Enc. Br.) D 9:559 Misracayshie in Hindu mythology, a nymph of heaven, a 5: 190

Mithila name of an ancient region of India, corresponding to the modern Tirhut in northern Bihar, between the Gandak and Kosi rivers. The region has also been called Videha after King VIDEHA, who ruled over it. The name Mithila was sometimes also applied to the capital of the country. (M.N.; Dow.) Der: Mithil; Mithilan D 8: 14, 16, 18, 236, 241, 263-64, 340 II: 24

Mithra in Iranian mythology, omniscient warrior deity, born of a rock and armed at birth with a knife and a torch. Mithra became known as the creator of life and he was also called the giver of rain and the god of sunlight. (He is considered by some the counterpart of the Hindu Vedic god Mitra.) The cult of Mithra was more general than Christianity in the Roman Empire in the 2nd century AD. It was a mystery-faith, and little is known in detail about it. (Enc. Br.) a 7: 1086-88 15: 165 ‘

Mitra in Hindu religion, one of the Adityas or sons of Aditi. In the Vedas he is generally associated with Varuna. He is the all- embracing harmony of the Truth, the Friend of all beings, and therefore, the Lord of Love. As the spirit of the day he is some- times given solar characteristics; in this form his Iranian counterpart is MITHRA. (Dow.; A) D 4:22, 37, 39 10:19, 53, 64-66, 69-73, 86, 159, 181-82, 197, 238, 257, 263, 270-71, 279, 282, 286, 289-90, 326, 329, 335, 342, 358, 370, 388, 399, 415, 425, 427-28, 432, 437-40, 442-47, 456-73, 475-81, 483-88, 521, 529-30, 533, 535-36 11: 10, 22, 31, 44-46, 61, 82, 116-17, 119, 121, 135, 143, 165, 167, 172, 178, 193, 206-07, 228, 240, 252, 266, 269, 309, 323, 325, 329, 335, 362, 391, 396, 405, 413, 445, 466, 494 12: 317, 326 16: 297, 337 17: 85, 257 22: 390 25: 77 IV: 138-40 V: 27, 68 VI: 148-49 VII: 32 X: 179-80 XIII: 54, 61 XIV: 108, 114, 130 XV: 13, 15, 44-45, 47-48, 52 XVI: 176 XVII: 14

Mitra, Bhababhusan an occasional member of the Manicktolla Garden revolutionary group.

[From -Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Mitra, Dinabandhu (1830-73), one of the greatest humorists of the Bengali language, a dramatist and novelist who was Bankim Chandra Chatterji’s friend at Jessore. He wrote plays in a period when Bengali stage and stagecraft were not well developed. He excelled in farce and comedy, but his plays were not without high purpose, many being correctives to contemporary social evils. (D.N.B.;A) a 3:80, 83, 90

Mitra, Dwarakanath (1833-74), a distinguished judge of the Calcutta High Court from 1867 to 1874, an important figure of the 19th century in Bengal. A contemporary of Bankim Chandra, he was a man "of extraordinary talent", but "of the second tier" (3: 80). He had a deep regard for the English system of government and thought it desirable that British rule should continue. (D.N.B.;A) a 3:76, 80, 90

Mitra, Kishori Chand (1822-73), Bengali writer, advocate of Western education, and politically a Moderate. He had a colourful and varied career, beginning as a clerk and ending as the editor of Indian Field. He wrote on a wide variety of subjects. (D.N.B.) D 27: 351

Mitra, Krishna Kumar (1852-1937), Sri Aurobindo’s Mesho (uncle: mother’s sister’s husband). He was the editor of Sanjibani, and a prominent leader in the anti-partition agitation. He played a conspicuous role in developing the volunteer movement and was closely connected with the Anusilan Samiti of Calcutta. Krishna Kumar was one of the nine leaders deported from Bengal in December 1908. (D.N.B.; A; P.T.I.) Var: Mitter, — a 1:193, 329, 408 2:45, 58, 60, 62, 154, 191, 281. 408 3: 430-31 4: 242, 250 26: 66, 355, 390 I: 70 XV: 62-63

Mitra, Kumudini daughter of Krishna Kumar Mitra; after her marriage with Probodh Chandra Basu Mullik, known as Kumudini Basu. She was the editor of Suprabhat (1907-14) and of Bangalakshmi (1925-27) and author of a number of Bengali books, including the booklet Sikher Balidan (The Sacrifice of the Sikh), which was inten- ded to teach the lesson of martyrdom to youngBengal. (S.B.C.; P.T.I.) a 3:430 XV: 62-63

Mitra, P. Pramathanath Mitra (1853-1910), a well-known barrister who practised at the Calcutta High Court and made his mark in the field of criminal law.

He was one of the prominent leaders of the new nationalist movement in Bengal. When Sri Aurobindo tried to unite the scattered activities of the various revolutionary groups in Bengal under a single organization, it was P. Mitra whom he envisaged as the leader of the organization. Pramathanath was a disciple of Yogi Bejoy Goswami, and was also greatly influenced by Swami Vivekananda. (D.N.B.; Purani) Var: P. Mitter a 26: 14, 16, 23, 69

Mitra, Rajendra Lal (1822-91), Bengali writer, a versatile genius and a profound scholar. He possessed an inexhaustible fund of energy and enthusiasm which he devoted to the service of his motherland in the academic as well as the socio-cultural life of his time. He has 128 volumes to his credit. (D.N.B.;Enc.Ind.) n 3:78

Mitra, Sukumar See Sukumar

Mitter, Justice Saroda Charan (1848-1917), a brilliant scholar, a leading lawyer and social worker, and an eminent judge of the Calcutta High Court. He promoted in many ways the cause of nationalism in India. (D.N.B.) D 1:503-04, 512-14

Mitter, Krishna Kumar See Mitra, Krishna Kumar

Mitter, P. See Mitra, P.

Mnemosyne Greek personification of memory. She was a Titaness, daughter of Uranus and Gaea. The nine Muses were her daughters by Zeus. (Col. Enc.) Q 9:242

Moderate (Party) a political party of India composed of the founders of the Congress and their adherents which controlled the organization from its foundation in 1885 until 1916. The name Moderate was applied to them by their rivals, whom they called EXTREMISTS. Their political objective was "the attainment of a system of government similar to that enjoyed by the self-governing members of the British Empire by constitutional means". They put forward Colonial Self-Government as their aim. (D. I. H.) Der: Moderation; Moderatism a 1: 87, 100, 107, 111, 121, 168, 188, 191-93, 201-03, 205, 224, 226-28, 231-32, 238, 246, 250, 253, 258, 262-63, 296-98, 301-03, 312, 320-22, 340, 344-45, 347, 350, 352, 354, 362-63, 368, 370-71, 387-88, 390, 418, 421, 434, 460, 472-73, 478, 504, 556, 562-63, 566, 569-72, 583-87, 589, 592-93, 597, 607, 609-10, 612, 615-19, 622, 626-27, 634-35, 637, 640-41, 643, 649-50, 657, 668, 702, 746-47, 754, 773, 780-83, 793, 803, 809-10, 816, 819-21, 824-26, 838-40, 849, 864-66, 870, 876-78, 891-92, 899-900, 906 2: 54, 76, 78, 102-03, 129-30, 132-33,

143-44, 158, 160, 177-78, 190-92, 196-201, 204-07, 220, 237, 242, 251, 275-76, 278, 282, 290, 293-98, 303, 305, 309-16, 319-25, 329-35, 342, 345, 355, 369, 381-82, 388, 390, 392 4: 176, 179, 182-83, 187-92, 197, 199-200, 202-03, 206, 209, 216, 220-22, 228, 231-32, 235-36, 238, 240-41, 244 26: 25, 28-30, 33, 35, 42, 45, 47-49, 52 27:59, 61, 66 1:5 II: 84 IV: 109 VIII: 121-23, 129 XIV: 102-07 XVII: 67

Modem Love a cycle of poems (1862) by George Meredith. It was greatly admired by Sri Aurobindo and may have helped in forming the turn of his earlier poetic expression; its impact is traceable even in Savitri. (Col. Enc.; A) a 9: 3 26:255, 263-64

The Modem Review English monthly magazine founded by Ramananda Chatterjee in 1907 at Allahabad. In 1908 it was shifted to Calcutta. Old volumes of this magazine are still prized as valuable works of reference and source material for research on the Indian struggle for freedom. (Enc. Ind.) D 1:479-80 2:209, 397 3:421, 426 111:80 XIII: 47

Modon "Madan" as pronounced by Bengalis. See Kama(deva). D [Indexed with Kama(deva)]

Moghul the Arabic and Persian form of the word Mongol. It is conventionally used to describe the Muslim dynasty that ruled the larger part of India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. The dynasty was founded by Babar, a descendant of the Mongol conqueror Jenghiz Khan. (Enc. Br.) Var: Mogul; Mughal a 1:305, 308, 315-16, 550, 598, 780, 834, 880-81 2: 39, 246 3: 484 4: 96, 140, 252 5: 279, 281-82, 284-85, 289, 291-93 8: 333 14: 70, 187, 223, 239, 253, 329, 364, 370, 377-79 15: 264, 341, 347, 446 1:21, 25 111:6, 12 IX: 1, 2

Mogra a town in Howrah district of Bengal. a 1:262

Mogra Hat a town, perhaps the same as Mogra; or a locality in the town of Mogra (hat = a-temporary market similar to the farmers’ markets in the West). a 1:251-52

Mogul See Moghul

Mohamedan See Mahomedan

Mohammad See Mahomed

Mohammadan; Mohammedan See Mahomedan

Mohendra (Singha) a character – a wealthy man in the village of Padachinha – in the novel Ananda Math by Bankim Chandra Chatterji. n 8: 319-22, 328-34, 336-56

Mohite an officer in the state of Baroda about 1903, who was fined Rs 105 by the Maharaja for making a false declaration. (A) a IV: 193

Moirai See Fate(s)

Moitra, Herambachandra (1857-1938), a well-known educationist, principal of City College, Calcutta for about 30 years. Calcutta University awarded him the Griffith Memorial Prize for his research on Emerson. He edited The Indian Messenger, the organ of the Brahmo Samaj, and toured Europe and America as a lecturer for the Samaj. (S.B.C.) n 1: 189

Moliere pseudonym of Jean Baptiste Poquelin (1622-73), French dramatist, actor, and master of comedy. He was eventually acclaimed as one of the greatest of French writers. (Col. Enc.; Web.) D 9: 67, 410 17: 87, 284 24:1586 IX:14

Moloch’ in the Bible, the Canaanitish god of fire, to whom children were offered in sacrifice. (Col. Enc.) a 1: 854 3: 75 6: 8 14: 63 15: 653 16: 181 17:257

Moloch2 a proposed character – the Angel of Wrath – in the Dramatis Personae of Sri Aurobindo’s play The Birth of Sin. a 7:901

Moloy "Malaya" as pronounced by Bengalis. It is the name given in early Indian literature to a mountain range on the southwest coast of the peninsula, the southern part of the Western Ghats. It abounds in sandal trees. (M.W.) a 8: 193

Mommsen, Theodor (1817-1903), German historian and writer. His greatest work is his History of Rome (1854-56), which became one of the classics of historical writing. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1902. (Col. Enc.) a 3:70

Momus or Momos, the god of fault-finding among the ancients, who criticized whatever the gods did; "fault-finding" personified. He was a literary figure, hardly mythological (though he occurs in Hesiod as the son of Nyx, i.e. Night) and quite divorced from cult. (0.’C1.D.;N.C.C.H.; Ox. Comp.) D 11:7

Monarch of the Glen popular name of a prominent species of deer in Scotland. This name was given by the British artist Landseer to a picture of this deer painted by him. D 1:624

Monastir also known as Bitola; southernmost city of Macedonia, Yugoslavia, a few miles from the Greek frontier. It is a-Greek-founded settlement. It came into the hands of the Turks in 1382. In the Balkan Wars (1912-13) it was taken by the Serbs. (Enc. Br. under Bitola) n XX: 147

Monghyr administrative headquarters of Monghyr district in the state of Bihar on the River Ganga. (Enc.Br.) a 2:227

Mongolia vast Asiatic plateau region lying roughly between China and Siberia. Mon- golia is divided politically and geographically (by the Gobi Desert) into Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region of the People’s Republic of China) to the south and Outer Mongolia (now the Mongolian People’s Republic) to the north. The Asiatic people now inhabiting Mongolia are called Mongols. The term Mongolian is anthropologically applied to the yellow-skinned straight-haired type of mankind. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.; C.O.D.) Der: Mongol; Mongolian; Mongolianism; Mongolo- (combining form) D 1:260-61, 391, 813-17 2:108, 169 15:295, 355, 373.411-12 16:406-07 17:180 27:280, 284 III: 25 VIII: 173-74 XVI: 186 XVII: 43

Mongoloid a group of human populations (local races and microraces) located in Asia outside of the Near East and the subcontinent of India. Mongoloid peoples are also found in many of the islands off the Asian mainland and in the Arctic regions of North America and Eurasia. (Enc. Br.) a 17:278

Moni See Chakravarti, Suresh (Chandra)

Monipur(a) Manipur, as pronounced by Bengalis. See Manipur

Monmuth (Manmatha), "churner of the mind", an epithet of Kamadeva. D [Indexed with Kama(deva)]

Monroe Doctrine a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy enunciated in 1823 by Presi- dent James Monroe in a public statement proclaiming three basic dicta: no further European colonization in the New World, abstention of the U.S. from European political affairs, and non-intervention of Europe in the governments of the Western Hemisphere. The American Civil War hampered the application of the doctrine for some time, but afterwards the United States firmly insisted on it. The Doctrine is not international law, but a national policy of the U.S.A. (Enc. Br.; Pears) n 15: 332, 567

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms reforms of the Indian Constitution proposed in 1918 jointly by Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State for India, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy of India. They provided for an elected major- ity in all legislatures but kept the control over revenue and police in British hands. These reforms were introduced in the form of the Government of India Act of 1919. (D.I.H.; Enc. Br) n 2: 433 (Montague is a misspelling) 26: 35-36 27: 498

Mont Blanc Alpine massif on the Franco- Italian border, southeast of Geneva. (Col. Enc.) a 17: 382

Monte Rosa rounded, snow-covered massif of the Pennine Alps, lying on the frontier between Switzerland and Italy. (Enc. Br.) D 7:870

Monty, D. the main actor in the Bayara (Dacca) Disturbances Case of 1909. He was notorious for his misdeeds. (A) a 4: 247

Moon 1. The satellite of the earth, making one revolution round it in (about) a month; it receives light from the sun and the reflection of this light (as seen from the earth) illumines it partly or wholly. 2. In Hindu mythology, son of Atri, husband of Rohini, and father of Budha. 3. Seen in a vision, i. e. as a symbol, the Moon indicates spirituality – usually spirituality in the mind, or simply the spiritual consciousness. Sometimes it also indicates spiritual Ananda. See also Chandra and Soma. (C.O.D.; Dow.; A) D [Note: Only capitalized "Moon" has been indexed below.] 3: 257, 268-70 7: 909, 981, 1008 8:175, 391 9:275 11:2 12:275, 296-97, 309, 321, 323, 357, 367, 491 17:85, 259-62 23: 957-58 25: 116 27: 128 29:420 II: 79 III: 21 X: 151-52 XIII: 33 XIV: 120 XV: 6, 20 XVIII: 181

Moondaca See Mundaka Upanishad

Moonje, Dr. See Mun]e, Dr.

Moon of Two Hemispheres a poem written by Sri Aurobindo in anew metre. (A) a 5: 588 9: 418

Moonshine humorously literal translation of the name of the journal Indu Prakash. "Moonshine" is used in English to mean "nonsense". D [Indexed with Indu Prakash]

Moor in English usage, a term often synonymous with Moroccans and sometimes descriptive of the former Muslims of Spain, of mixed Arab, Spanish, and Berber origins, who subsequently settled as refugees in North Africa between the llth and 17th centuries. Modern Mauritanians are also sometimes referred to as Moors. (Enc. Br.) Der: Moorish a 1:526 2:169, 216 5: 276 7: 597 15: 289 V: 95 XXI: 100

Moore Arthur Moore, sometime editor of the Statesman of Calcutta. He was a con- temporary of Sri Aurobindo. 0 26: 256 XIII: 50

Mopsus name used by Sri Aurobindo for an imaginary person, a 5: 20-21

Morcundeya (Markandeya), an Indian sage, remarkable for his austerities and long life, and author of Markandeya Purana. He was sonofMrkanda. (Dow.) Var: Markanda a 5:117 8: 398

Morley, John (1838-1923), English historian, biographer as well as politician; Liberal M.P. (1883-1908); Secretary of State for India (1905-10); created Viscount in 1908. During his career in the House of Commons, Morley came to be called Honest John. Sri Aurobindo refers to him in this way, and also as Archangel John, but he does so ironically. "John Morley was a man of strong opinions tenaciously held and ferociously expressed.

He saw himself, and not the Viceroy, as the real ruler of India" (Gilbert). (Enc. Br.; Wolpert, p. 21; Gilbert, p. 24) Der: Morleyan; Morleyism a 1: 96, 99, 109, 133, 137, 170, 172-74, 176, 178, 187, 196, 201-02, 205, 218, 250, 253, 272, 280, 283-84, 317, 327, 333-34, 339, 342-46, 350, 362, 368, 373-75, 386-87, 391, 402-03, 409, 414-15. 417, 419-21, 431, 435-36, 447-53, 455, 458-64, 470, 472-73, 492, 570, 575-77, 600-06, 610-11, 614, 616, 624, 629, 651, 705-06, 777, 790, 818, 824-25, 828-29, 849, 862-63, 870 2: 26, 30, 33, 58-59, 75-76, 78-79, 100, 121-22, 135, 160, 170, 192, 202-04, 220, 249, 267, 278, 282, 294, 304-05, 310-11, 313, 320, 325, 327, 330-33, 335, 344, 357, 369-70, 381, 421-22 4: 179, 181-84, 190, 206-07, 213-14, 218, 221-23, 225, 229-30, 232, 234-36, 240-43 27: 26, 30, 49, 52, 54, 61

Mormons name applied by outsiders to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a religious body founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith in New York, on the basis of supposed Divine revelations in the Book of Mormon. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) a 22:417

Morning Leader a British journal published during 1907. (A) a l: 350

Morocco a kingdom in northwest Africa, formerly (1911-56) divided into French Morocco, Spanish Morocco, Southern Morocco (Spanish protectorate), and the Inter- national Zone (of Tangier). (Web. N.C.D.) D 2:35, 169-70, 216-17 5:176 15:367, 502

Morpheus in Greek and particularly Roman mythology, the god of dreams. He is a son of Sleep and a creature of the Night. Morpheus brought dreams of human forms; his two brothers, Ikelos and Phobetor, brought dreams of beasts and inanimate objects respectively. (Col. Enc.;M.I.) o & 399 7: 1081

Morris, William (1834-96), English designer, craftsman, poet, and early Socialist, whose designs for the decorative arts revolutionized Victorian taste and whose diverse activities were all inspired by a high moral seriousness. He is discussed by Sri Aurobindo only as a poet. (Enc. Br.) n 9: 133, 139, 142 27: 90

Morse Morse Code, the system of dots and dashes in electric telegraphy devised by Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872), the inventor of the electric telegraph and one of the most respected American painters of his day. (Enc. Br.) o 28: 162

Morte d’Arthur a poem by Tennyson, , published in his collection Poems (1842). Tennyson made use of the title of Malory’s work. See Malory. (Col. Enc.) o 9:62, 137, 456

Moms a character – a villager or townsman - in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer, a 6:3, 115, 117, 119-23, 135, 138, 144, 191

Mosaic of Moses. See Moses

Moscow capitaloftheU.S.S.R., onthe Moskva River near its junction with the Moscow Canal. It is the largest city of the Soviet Union, also its leading political, industrial, and cultural centre. (Col. Enc.;

Enc.Br.) a 15:510, 643

Moses (fl. c. 14th-13th cent. Be), lawgiver of Israel, the prophet who led his people out of bondage in Egypt to the edge of Canaan. God promulgated the Law through Moses, not only the Ten Commandments and the criminal code, but the whole liturgical law as well. The Law he promulgated is called the Mosaic law. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) Der: Mosaic n l: 605 13:462 15:86, 425 16: 163 17: 99-100 V: 75-76 XIII: 36

Moslem See Mahomedan

Moslem League All-India Muslim League, an organization for protecting, upholding and promoting the

political interests of Indian Muslims, founded in 1906 at the instance of  Nawab Salim-ul-lah of Dacca and encouraged by the Government of Lord Minto. The British Indian Government considered it a very useful counterpoise to the Congress.

The latter welcomed its birth as a sign of renovated, political life in the Mahomedan community; but the League consistently sided with the British against the Congress. A divided and weak India was the gift of the Muslim League to the Indians. (D. I. H.) n 2: 259

Mosul capital of Ninawa province in northwestern Iraq, on the Tigris River. It is Iraq’s third largest city and a great industrial centre. (Enc. Br.) a 15: 646

The Mother (1878-1973), Sri Aurobindo’s spiritual collaborator, born Mirra Alfassa. In Pondicherry, about 1926, she was given the name "the Mother" by Sri Aurobindo, since he considered her an embodiment of "the divine Consciousness- Force" known in India as the Mother of the universe. Sri Aurobindo once wrote to a disciple, "The Mother and myself stand for the same Power in two forms". She gave a living and practical form to his Yoga, and ultimately it was she who on 29 February 1956 brought down the Supermind into the earth atmosphere. Thereafter she worked tirelessly for the supramental change of physical nature, epitomised by the transformation of her own body. She left her body on 17 November 1973 in the midst of this work. The Sri Aurobindo Ashram at Pondicherry is the Mother’s creation. Her writings and collected talks have been published by the Ashram as "Collected Works of the Mother – Centenary Edition" in 17 volumes. Her birthday (21 February) and the day (24 April) when she returned to Pondicherry in 1920 are celebrated in the Ashram as two of the four "Darshan" days. Sri Aurobindo used the word "Mother" in various other senses also, but these senses have not been included in the index that follows. "Mother" in the phrase "Divine Mother", or without the "Divine" but conveying this sense, has also been excluded, although often this term reflects indirectly the sense of the embodied Mother. 0 4: 339-42, 345-46, 351-54, 357-61, 363, 365-70, 374-75, 379-81, 385, 389, 393 9: 462, 505, 508, 512 17: 153, 215 22: 98, 166, 310.355, 368, 445, 455, 457, 476, 482-83, 488-89 23: 503, 535, 537-38, 540, 549, 555, 557, 564, 569, 581-83, 586, 595, 604-05, 623-24, 631, 635-36, 639-41, 653, 660, 663, 670, 674, 676-77, 680-81, 688, 690-91, 693-95, 698-700, 702-03, 706, 710, 714, 716, 723, 730, 735, 739, 746-48, 754-55, 760, 762, 779, 782, 784, 810, 812-16, 818, 822-23, 825, 828, 849, 853-54, 856, 858-60, 862, 865-68, 870, 883, 887, 891, 901, 904, 907, 910-12, 918, 921, 924-25, 934, 941, 945, 952, 956-57, 960-62, 969, 978, 981, 984, 987, 997, 999, 1001, 1003, 1011-12, 1014-15, 1028, 1037-38, 1055,1058-60.1063, 1065 24: 1091,

1093-94, 1096-98, 1105, 1107, 1115-18, 1121-22, 1124-25, 1130-32, 1139, 1144, 1150, 1152-53, 1162, 1168, 1177-79, 1181-82, 1184, 1189, 1194, 1204, 1207, 1209-10, 1213-14, 1230, 1237-38, 1263, 1265, 1272, 1275, 1282, 1289, 1306-08, 1314-17, 1322-23, 1331, 1333-34, 1340, 1342-45, 1349.1359-63, 1366, 1374, 1378, 1381, 1383, 1385, 1391, 1393, 1399, 1401, 1405-06, 1409-10, 1412, 1414, 1417-19, 1424-25, 1429, 1435-37, 1444, 1447-48, 1452, 1455-58, 1460-61, 1464, 1466, 1482, 1484, 1486.1491, 1496, 1498-1504, 1509, 513, 1532, 1552, 1559, 1568-69, 1571-72, 1575, 1577, 1581, 1599, 1601, 1615, 1635, 1643-45, 1648-49, 1651-52, 1669-70, 1674-76, 1685, 1692, 1698, 1700, 1703-04, 1708, 1713, 1715-16, 1719, 1721, 1739, 1741, 1748-51, 1753-54, 1760, 1765 25: passim 26: pre., 68, 148, 154, 165, 168, 177, 194, 205, 208, 211, 268, 279, 353, 359-60, 377, 394, 423, 445-50, 455-60, 463-70, 472-74.476, 479-90, 492-505, 507-12 27: 442, 495 29: 728 IV: 192 VII: 83 XII: 156 XV: 59-60

The Mother a small book by Sri Aurobindo, first published in 1928. Parts of this book were written originally as letters to disciples. The book was reproduced in volume 25 of the Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library. (I & G) D 22: 17, 381 23: 589 25: 73 26: 369, 371

Mother India "Monthly Review of Culture" published under the editorship of K. D. Sethna. It was started by K. D. Poddar (Navajata) as a fortnightly paper in Bombay in February 1949. From February 1951 it has come out as a monthly magazine published by the Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry. n 26: 376 27: pre.

The Mother to Her Son original title of a poem by Sri Aurobindo, first published in Bande Mataram in 1907. It is based on a passage in the Udyoga-parva of the Maha- bharata, containing the conversation of Vidula with her son. The poem appeared in Collected Poems and Plays (1942) and in SABCL vol. 8 under the title Vidula. (A) a 8:61

Mothura "Mathura" as pronounced by Bengalis. See Mathura

Moti a character – representing Motilal Ghose – in "The Slaying of Congress", a tragedy published in Bande Mataram (February 1908). D 1: 679, 684, 688-89, 695-97

Motilal1; Moti Babu See Roy, Motilal

Motilal2 See Ghose, Motilal

Mott’s Lane in Calcutta, probably in the Entail/area near Sealdah. D 1:280

Mountstuart, Mrs. an authority, real or imaginary, quoted by KESHAV GANESH to make his argument appear plausible and more cogent, a 3: 3

Mridika Vasishtha (Mrlika Vasistha), a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Vasistha. D 11: 432

Mrigalanch(h)an a name or epithet of the Moon, the spotted Moon. It means "bearing stains or spots that look like a deer (mrga)". (A) a 3:290 7:965 X: 177

Mrinalinee a Bengali novel (1869) by Bankim Chandra Chatterji in which the dramatic element predominates. It is set in the time of the first Muslim invasion of Bengal. (Enc. Br.) Var: Mrinalini D 3: 91 27: 353

Mrinalini (Devi) (1887-1918), wife of Sri Aurobindo, married on 30 April 1901. She was the eldest daughter of Bhupal Chandra Bose. According to her father, she "evinced ‘no exceptional abilities or tendencies in her childhood, indeed at no stage of her life". Though educated at Brahmo School and surrounded by Brahmo friends, Mrinalini Devi took no special interest in the Brahmo movement. The whole religious bent of the later years of her life was towards Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa and Swami Vivekananda. She was born on 6 March 1887 and died of influenza in Calcutta on 17 December 1918. (Purani;A&R, IV: 206-09) a 4: pre., 317, 322-23 26:66 27: 417, 422 I: 68-69, 75 II: 85

Mrityunjaya (According to MALLINATH) an epithet of the god Shiva, meaning "death- conquering". a 3: 309

Muazzim a character – a broker – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora. D 7: 561, 574-81, 584-85, 603-04, 659-62, 664

Mudaliar surname of a person in whose house in Pondicherry VENKATARAMAN was staying in 1929. (A) a VII: 83 XII: 156

Mudgala a Vedic Rishi. There were several sages bearing this name. (One is recorded in the Mahabharata as having lived a life of poverty, piety, self-restraint, and hospitality.) (Dow.) D 12: 324

Mudholkar, Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasingh (1857-1921), "the leading Moderate politician of the Berars … and one of the chief opponents of the new Nationalism" (1: 352). He presided over the Bankipur session of the Congress in 1912. (D.N.B.;  A) n 1: 171, 352-55 27: 43

Mudrarakshasa "Seal ofRakshasa", a Sanskrit play by Vishakhadatta, whose precise date is unknown but who has been assigned to the later Gupta period (320- 510). (D.I.H.) D 9: 113 1:29

Muene See Almuene (bin Khakan)

Mugdhabodh a standard Sanskrit grammar written by Vopadeva towards the end of the 13th century. (Dow.) a 3:76

Mughal See Moghul

Muhammadan See Mahomedan

Mukherjee, Anukul a prosecution witness in the Bande Mataram Sedition Case (1907), who broke down during cross examination by the defence. (A) n 1:545, 549

Mukherji, Justice a member of the ADVISORY COUNCIL OF NOTABLES. (A) D 1: 414

Mukherji, Sambhunath See Mukherji, S(h)ambhunath

Mukherji, Satish (Chandra) (1865-1948), one of the Bengali pioneers of the new educa- tion. He founded the "Bhagavat Chatuspati" (an organisation which aimed at giving a spiritual turn to education) in 1895, Dawn magazine (the organ of the Chatuspati) in 1897, and the Dawn Society in 1902. He was also one of the founders of the National Council of Education in 1906. It was to him that Sri Aurobindo left the organisation of the Bengal National College in 1907, before plunging fully into politics. (A; Auro-I) l-l 1: 805 26: 43

Mukherji, S(h)ambhunath probably, Shambhu Chandra Mukherji (1839-94), who was assistant editor of the Hindu Patriot in 1859-60 and again from 1866 to 1872. In the period 1861-63 he conducted the Samachar Hindustani. In 1882 he started Reis and Rayyet, an English weekly. (D.N.B.) D 1:281, 518

Mukherji, U. N. Upendra Nath Mukherji (1868-1919), founder of Basumati Sahitya Mandir in Calcutta to make cheap editions of the works of famous Bengali writers available to the general public. He was a journalist, and the publisher of a number of books on religion, including Hindu Samajer Itihas (History of Hindu Society), and works of Kalidasa, Rammohan Roy etc. (S.B.C., p. 62) a 2:251

Mukhopadhyaya, Girindranath a chemist educated in the U.S.A. who promised (during the days of the Swadeshi Movement

around 1909) to return to India and help to run a sugar factory at Tarpur as soon as the necessary capital was raised. (A) 1-1 4:195

Mukhopadhyaya, Ramasadaya a Deputy Superintendent in the Bengal C.I.D. He was one of the principal figures in the Alipore Bomb Case during and after the arrest of Sri Aurobindo, who found everything about Ramasadaya very artificial and his behaviour play-acting. (A) D 4: 260-61

Mukunda "the Deliverer", a name or epithet of Vishnu or Krishna. a 8: 325, 352

Mukundaram Mukundaram Chakravarti, "Kavikankan" (c. 1547- .? ), a prominent Bengali poet of the late 15th and 16th centuries, known for his Kavikankan Chandi (Chandiman^al), which enjoys to this day as much popularity in Bengal as the famous Hindi Ramayana, Ramacharitamanas of Tulsidas, in North India. For this poem he was honoured with the title of "Kavi- kankan". (A.H.I.; Gaz.-II; S.B.C.) D 14: 320

Mukundilal someone known to Sarojini, Sri Aurobindo’s sister, and also perhaps to Sri Aurobindo and Barindra. (A) o VII: 10, 23

Mulai Hamid Sultan of Morocco who treated (in 1909) his vanquished rival El Roghi and his captured followers most cruelly and barbarously. (A) a 2:216

Mulhausen German spelling of Mulhouse, an industrial town of northeastern France located on the plain of Alsace between the Vosges and the Jura Mountains. It passed to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War (1871). On 8 August 1914 the French occupied it without resistance. On the ninth the Germans gave battle, and they succeeded in driving out the French and in reoccupying the city on the tenth. Later, in 1918, Mulhausen was returned to France. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Miiller, Max Friedrich Maximilian Miiller (1823-1900), English philologist and orientalist, born and educated in Germany. His works stimulated widespread interest in the study of linguistics, mythology, and religion. His own interests lay more in mythology and comparative religion than in scientific linguistics. In 1877 he brought out an edition of the Rig-veda with commentaries, which became very famous. His principal achievement was the editing of Sacred Books of the East, a series of 51 volumes. (Enc. Br.;

Web.) D 3:112, 116-17, 262 4:43 10:551, 553 12: 8, 53-54, 57, 478 17: 339 IX: 30 XIV: 122, 124-25, 138, 164 XV: 12′ XVI: 136 XVII: 27, 41, 45, 54 XVIII: 154 XXI: 17

Mullica in Hindu mythology, a nymph of heaven, a 5: 190

Mullick, Nirod a cousin of Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick; one of the two principal financial supporters of Bande Mataram as a party paper of the Nationalist leaders in Calcutta. (A;B.P.P., p.25) n 1: 81 26: 59

Mulli(c)k, Subodh (Chandra) (1879-1920), one of Sri Aurobindo’s staunches! friends and closest colleagues in political as well as revolutionary work, and a principal financial supporter of his Bande Mataram. He earned the title of "Raja" from his grateful country- men for his handsome donations to the cause of education. He also subscribed to the funds of other nationalist activities. Subodh Mallik was one of the nine leaders deported from Bengal in 1908. (D.N.B.; A; P.T.I.; Auro-I; S.B.C.) Var: Mallik; S. Mullick a 1:81, 156, 256, 772 2:70, 229 26:27, 59 27: 461 XVII: 64

Mullick, S. K. probably Dr. Sarat Kumar Mullick (1870-1924), a respected medical practitioner who cherished the good of his country. He was the first person to make efforts for the organization of a Bengali company in the Bengal Regiment and the Bengal Territorial Force. (S.B.C.) a 26: 10

Mullik, Manmatha Chandra (1853-1922), a barrister of Calcutta, related to Raja Subodh Chandra Mullik. In 1899 he married an English lady and took up residence in England. He contested twice as a Liberal candidate in the British Parliamentary elections. He was known in British academic circles as an erudite scholar: he knew San- skrit, Bengali, English, French, and Latin thoroughly. Having travelled far and wide in Europe, America, China, and Japan, Manmatha Chandra wrote a number of books based on his travel experiences. (S.B.C.;B.P.P., pp. 15and26) a i: 190

Mullik, Subodh See Mulli(c)k, Subodh (Chandra)

Multan name of a city, district, and division of western Punjab (now in Pakistan). (Enc. Br.) a 1: 279

Mundaka Upanishad an Upanishad belonging to the Atharva-veda. (Up. K.) Var: Moondaca a 9: 354 12: 40, 119, 128, 226, 269, 416 18: 11, 506, 534, 566, 596 19:633, 765, 848 20:8 27:211, 344 1:53 XV: 58 ‘

Mundaquinie (Mandakini), an arm of the River Ganga which flows through Kedaranath (Garhwal district, U.P.); "the Ganges of the gods, in heaven" (27: 159). A river near Chitrakuta in Bundelkhand

(U.P.), mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, also bears this name. (Dow.; A) n 8: 143 27: 159 X: 122

Munje, Dr. Dr. Balkrishna Shivram Munje (1872-1948), a medical practitioner and Congress leader ofNagpur who was one of Khaparde’s most prominent lieutenants in the early days of Nationalist agitation. In 1920 he came to Pondicherry, and stayed as Sri Aurobindo’s guest; he had long talks with Sri Aurobindo on current Indian politics. (D.N.B.;Purani; P.T.I.) Var: Moonje a 1: 569, 592 4: 178 26: 429, 432 27: 42

Munjoolica in Sri Aurobindo’s play Vasa- vadutta, the name given to Bundhumathie, the captive princess of Sourashtra, as a servant of Vasavadutta. n 6:207, 261-62, 267, 269-72, 286, 289, 291-93, 295-304, 306-07, 309-10, 317-19, 322-24

Munro Bengal Presidency Commissioner during the time that Bankim Chandra Chatter ji was a deputy magistrate, around 1860. (A) a 3:85

Munshiram, Lala later known as Swami Shraddhanand (1856-1926), an Arya Samaj leader belonging to Punjab. He was a great patriot, a social refomer, an educationist and a martyr (assassinated by a Muslim fanatic). He was the founder of Gurukul Kangri (near Hardwar in U.P.), which later acquired the status of a university. (Enc. Ind.) n 2:364

Minister a province of Ireland, the largest of the four provinces, which occupies the southwest third of the island. (Col. Enc.) n 17:298

Murad a character – a Turk captain of police in Bassora – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora. a 7:561, 563-68, 621, 646, 653, 666-70, 707, 710-11, 713-15, 717-19, 724-25, 729-31, 733-34

Murari "foe of the demon Mura", an appelation of Krishna. (Dow.) D [Indexed with Krishna]

Murghab a town in Tadzhik Soviet Socialist Republic, U.S.S.R., on the Murghab River. The river rises in northwestern Afghanistan and ends in the Kara Kum Desert after a course of 530 miles. (Enc. Br.) o 17:299

Murlidhar, Lala ( ? -1920), well-known poet and politician ofAmbala, Punjab. By profession he was an advocate. The British Government conferred on him the title of Rai Bahadur. (A) n 1: 188 4: 179

Murree a town and hill station (7, 517 ft.) now in Rawalpindi division of Punjab province in Pakistan. It was the summer residence of the Punjab Government during British rule. (Enc. Br.) n IV: 193-94

Murry, Middleton John Middleton Murry (1889-1957), English author, journalist, and critic, whose romantic and biographical approach to literature ran counter to the leading critical tendencies of his day. (Enc. Br.) n 24: 1515

Murshidabad historic town (and district) of Bengal (now West Bengal state), a 8:320. 329

Muruland in the Mahabharata, an ancient country ruled by Bhagadatta. (M.N.) a 8: 40

MusafirArya a "vernacular" paper published around 1909 from Agra under the editorship ofBhojeDutt. (A) n 2:226

Muscat a city and national capital of the Sultanate of Oman, in the southeast of the Arabian peninsula. The city long gave its name to the country, which was called "Muscat and Oman" until 1970. (Enc.Br.) D 5:276 Muscovite a native or inhabitant of Muscovy; Russian. The term is archaic. (C.O.D.; Web.) n 3:481

Muse, the See Saraswati(e)

Muses, the Greek divinities presiding over the arts and sciences. They were daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, and were born at Pieria near Mt. Olympus. Their worship spread from Thracia and Pieria into Boetia, where they dwelt on Mt. Helicon, with its sacred fountains of Aganippe and Hippo- crene. Mt. Parnassus and its Castilian Spring were also sacred to them. Libations of water or milk and honey were offered to them. Originally three in number, they were afterwards spoken of as nine. (Pears, p. H34) a 3:138 9:26, 81, 242, 482 10: 87 XVI: 148

Muslim; Mussalman See Mahomedan

Musset (Louis-Charles-)Alfred de Musset (1810-57), one of the most distinguished poets and playwrights of the French Roman- tic movement. (Enc.Br.) a 9:422

Mussolini, Benito (Amilcare Andrea) (1883-1945), Italian prime minister (1922-43),

the first of Europe’s Fascist dictators. He ruled Italy for more than twenty years and led his nation to defeat in World War II. He was executed. (Enc. Br.; Web.) Der: Mussolinic 1-1 14: 66 15: 81 22: 153 24: 1294 26: 365, 378

Mussulman See Mahomedan

Mustafa Kamil (Pasha) (1874-1908), Egyptian lawyer and journalist, a great nationalist leader who will be remembered in history as the chief among the creators of modern Egypt. (Enc. Br.) a l: 721-22

Musulman See Mahomedan

Muthe, Hari Raoji one of the persons who received Sri Aurobindo at the Nasik Road station on 24 January 1908. (A) a I: l

Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny or Sepoy Mutiny (1857-59), so called by British historians. Indians prefer to call it the First War of  Independence. It was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India begun by sepoys (Indian troops in the service of the British East India Company), which resulted in the transfer of the government of India from the British East India Company to the British Crown. It became a source of inspiration to later Indian nationalists. (Enc. Ind.; Enc. Br.) D 1: 324 26: 51

Muzaffarpur administrative headquarters of Muzaffarpur district in the state of Bihar in northeastern India, just south of the Burhi Gandak River. Here, on 30 April 1908, two young revolutionaries missed their target, an unpopular magistrate, and unwittingly killed two innocent European ladies. (Enc. Br.) D 4: 257-58

Mycenae ancient city of Greece, in Argolis, six miles from Argos and nine from the sea. It was one of the chief centres of the Aegean world in the later second millennium BC. At the time of the Trojan War, Agamemnon, the Greek overlord, was its king. (Col. Enc.; M.I.) a 5:411, 422, 454, 479, 509

My Master as I Saw Him Sri Aurobindo’s misrecollection of The Master as I Saw Him, a book on the life of Swami Vivekananda by Sister Nivedita (Miss Margaret Noble). D 27: 437

Myinensing(h) administrative headquarters of Mymensingh district in Dacca division, Bengal (now in Bangladesh). (Enc. Br.) a l: 115, 156-57, 167, 212-13, 215-18, 244, 262, 319, 336, 357, 360, 369-71, 377, 402-03. 888 2: 281, 358 4: 229, 248 27: 40 XVIII: 190

Mymoona a character – one of the two sister slave-girls of Ajebe – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of’Bassora. n 7: 561, 574, 624, 626-29, 647-49.651-52, 655-58, 717, 720, 733

Myrmidon(s) ancient Greek tribe of Thessaly which colonized the island of Aegina. In mythology, it was a race turned into men from ants by Zeus to repopulate Aegina, the kingdom of his son Aeacus, after an epi- demic of plague. Homer immortalised the Myrmidons as warriors of Achilles (grandson of Aeacus) in the Trojan War. (Col. Enc.; M.I.) n 5:457-58.467, 475, 486, 514, 516

Myrtil a character – a forest damsel - in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Witch of ilni. a 7: 1057.1060, 1066, 1069-72

Myrtilla a female name coined from "myrtle", a shrub with shiny evergreen leaves and white scented flowers sacred to Venus (the goddess of love). (C.O.D.) n 5: 5

Mysian of Mysia, an ancient region in northwestern Asia Minor, between Lydia and the Troad, its coast facing Lesbos. Mysia was not a political unit. (Col. Enc.) D 5: 418

Mysore a former princely state in South India, under British rule a protected "native state". In 1947 it acceded to the Indian Union, becoming the major part of the state of Mysore. The name of this Kannada- speaking state was later changed to Karna- taka. Mysore city was the administrative capital of Mysore from 1799 to 1831 and remains the second largest city (after Bangalore) of Karnataka. (Enc. Br.) D 1: 396 3: 193

Mysteries See Eleusinian (Mysteries)

Mystic Mother a sonnet by K. D. Sethna, composed in 1934. a 26:299

My Unlaunched Boat title of a poem by Harindranath Chattopadhyay, published in his collection The Feast of Youth that was reviewed by Sri Aurobindo in Arya. a 17: 311

N

N. 1. In the Record of Yoga, used almost invariably for Nolini. See Gupta, Nolini

Kanta. 2. See Nishikanto Nabashakti See Nava Shakti Nabassar See Nebassar Nabha once a small native state of India, one of the Cis-Sutlej Sikh states which came

under British protection by the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809, Nabha subsequently became’a constituent state of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States’ Union). Now the territory forms part of Punjab. It is situated fourteen miles northwest of Patiala. (Enc.Ind.;D.I.H.) a i: 414

Nabhaka (Kanwa) (Nabhaka Kanva), a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Kanva. (According to Ludwig’s translation of the Rig-veda, he was an Angirasa, not a Kanva.) (V. Index) a 11:337, 340

Nachiketas son of Vajasravasa Gautama. His dialogue with Yama in the Katha Vpanishad is very well known and of profound philosophical import. (Dow.) Var: Nachicatus a 12:237, 239-44, 246-47, 250, 253, 265 14:278 16: 91-92, 405 XIV: 132

Nacool See Nokula

Nadir (Shah) (1688-1747), Shah of Iran (1736-47), sometimes considered the last of the great Asiatic conquerors. He was known for the severity of his rule. He invaded India in 1739 and advanced up to Delhi, where he ordered a general massacre of the citizens and gave over the city to plunder by his troops. (Col.Enc.;D.I.H.) a 3:421-24

Nadiya Nadia or modern Nabadwip. a town and district in Jalpaiguri division of Bengal (now of West Bengal state). Being the birthplace of Chaitanya, it is an important pilgrimage centre. It is noted for its tradi- tional Sanskrit schools, or tols. (Enc.Br.) Var: Nuddia a 2:284 3:110 12:55 13:12 17:193 IX: 29

Nag, Hardayal (1853-1942), a lawyer, and around 1909 the leading public figure in Chandpur, Bengal (now in Bangladesh). Ultimately he became a Congressman and firmly believed in Gandhian ideals and methods. Nag was held in high esteem for his integrity, ascetic temperament, and patriotism. (D.N.B.) n 2:281

Nagananda a well-known Sanskrit drama written in the 7th century AD by Sri Harshadeva (Harshavardhana), the ruler of a North Indian empire. It depicts the self-sacrifice of jimutavahana, the hero of the drama, to save the life of a Naga named Sankhacuda. (D.I.H.) a 1:49

Nagas a group of tribes inhabiting the Naga Hills, which separate the Indian state of Assam from Burma. They include fifteen or more distinct tribes. In response to nationalist political sentiment among the Naga tribes, the government of India created the state of Nagaland in 1961. (Enc. Br.) a IX: 1, 2

Nagen Nagendra Kumar Guha Roy (1889 -1973), a nationalist worker of Noakhali who was jailed

several times for taking active part in the various movements launched by the Congress. He was a Mukhtar (attorney) by profession. (Purani; L. to SL; S.B.C.) a 27:426

Nagendra(nath) Nagendra Nath Gupta, one of the two innocent Kaviraj brothers of Harrison Road, Calcutta, to whose house a conspirator friend (Ullaskar) had removed a packet of bombs without telling them what was in it. During the trial, to save his friends, Ullaskar made a confession, but the police did not release the brothers. (S.A.M.A., No. 27, p. 161) o 4:302-03

Nag Mahashaya Durga Charan Nag (1846-99), a prominent householder disciple of Sri Ramakrishna. He was an embodiment of humility and self-sacrifice, n 24:1388

Nagpore a city and capital of the former Indian province of C.P. (Central Provinces). Presently it is the administrative head- quarters of Nagpur district and division in the state of Maharashtra. Nagpur is near the geographical centre of India. It was the venue of the Congress session in 1891 and 1920. "Nagpore" has been personified by Sri Aurobindo and used as a character in his tragedy "The Slaying of Congress" published in Bande Mataram. (D.I.H.; A) Var: Nagpur (the present spelling) o l: 566, 569-72, 583-86, 588, 590-93, 617-18, 634, 638, 678-79, 681-84, 687 2: 172, 177, 330, 356, 360 4:178-79, 183 26:47, 429, 432, 434 27:42

Nahusha an ancient Indian king of the Lunar dynasty, son of Ayus and father of Yayati. By sacrifices, austere self-restraint, and valour he acquired sovereignty of the three worlds. He then became very proud, and had himself carried through the air in his palanquin by the Saptarshis (the seven great Rishis). He spurred them on saying "sarpa, sarpa" (move on; be quick). The sage Agas- tya, one of the Rishis carrying him, got en- raged and cursed him: "Fall, and be thou a sarpa (snake)". Immediately Nahusha fell down to the earth and became a snake. At his supplication, however, Agastya put a limit to the curse. After some thousands of years he was redeemed from the curse by Yudhishthira .(Dow.;B.P.C.) a XIII: 44

Naiad(s) in Greek mythology, daughter(s) of Zeus. Water nymphs, they presided over

freshwater streams, lakes, wells and fountains. (Cpl. Enc.; C.O.D.) D 5: 6, 448, 495, 512, 524, 543, 546 XVI: 141, 144

Naidu, Sarojini (1879-1949), "the Nightingale of India", a most talented lady, a political activist, feminist, poet, writer, and orator. She was the first Indian woman to be president of the Congress (1925) and to be

appointed governor of a state (U.P., 1947- 49). (Enc.Ind.) o 9:280, 453-54 17:304, 307

Naik, Mani See Manindranath

Naimisha Naimisaranya, a forest (Sanskrit "aranya") near the Gomti River where the Mahabharata was recited by the sage Sauti to the assembled Rishis including Saunaka. The site (the forest is no longer there, in Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh, is a place of Hindu pilgrimage . It is popularly known as Nimasara. (Dow.;M.N.) a VI: 136

Naimishiyas ancient Rishis and ascetics who lived in Naimisharanya (see Naimisha). a 12:390

Naini Tal administrative headquarters of Nainital district in Uttar Pradesh state. This town built around a beautiful lake is a popular resort, 6, 346 ft. above sea level. (Enc.Br.) n 2:174 IV: 197

Nair’ surname of a person from Malabar who, for a few days, read and explained to Sri Aurobindo articles in a Tamil newspaper a short time before he left Bengal. (A) n 26:66

Nair2 in an automatic writing of Sri Aurobindo, the surname of the communicating spirit, a friend who died while Sri Aurobindo was at Baroda. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Nais In Greek mythology, a river goddess. (A) a 17:257 XVI: 163

Naka an Indian sage, son of Mudgala. (A) D 12:324

Nakail apparently a village in Bengal (now in Bangladesh), about one mile from ARALIA. It was the site of a jute factory around 1909. (A) n 2:360

Nakalia perhaps an adjective formed from the place-name NAKAIL, meaning "of Nakail". a 4: 247

Nala king of Nishadha and husband of Damayanti. The story of their romance, which forms an episode in the Mahabharata, is well known. Nala was brave and hand- some, virtuous and learned in the Vedas, skilled in arms and in the management of horses, but he was addicted to the vice of gambling for which he suffered greatly. (Dow.) Var: Nul a 3:154 5:333, 335, 338 27: 154

Nala, the the "Nalopakhyana" (see the next entry), a [Indexed with "Naladamayanti"]

Naladamayanti The reference is to an episode in the Mahabharata called "Nalo- pakhyana". The text

of this episode has been often printed, and there are translations in various languages. (Dow.) Var: the Nala a 3: 153, 155, 157, 161 26: 366

Nalanda a celebrated Buddhist monastic centre of 6th-5th century BC, often spoken of as a university. It was located north of modern Rajgir (ancient Rajagriha) in the Patna district of Bihar. (Enc. Br.) a 17: 193-94 ‘

Nalini See Gupta, Nolini Kanta

Nalodaya a Sanskrit poem describing the restoration to power of King NALA after he had lost everything. It is ascribed to a Kalidasa, but the composition is very artificial, and the ascription to the great Kalidasa may well be doubted. (Dow.) D 3:251

Namasudra a caste of cultivators and boatmen in Bengal, formerly known as Chandalas. Risley in his book Tribes and Castes regards it as representing an aboriginal tribe possibly related to theMaler of the Rajmahal hills. (Enc. Ind.) a 1:645, 729 2: 13, 89 27: 21

The Name and Nature of Poetry a little book (1933) by A. E. Housman, containing the subject matter of his Leslie Stephen Lecture given at Cambridge University. (Col. Enc.) 0 26: 344

Nammalwar (fl. c. 9th cent.), a famous Vaishnava saint and Tamil poet of South India. A Vellala saint, he is regarded by Vaishnava tradition as the greatest exponent of the Bhakti theme. His name was Maran, but he was renowned as Nammalwar, mean- ing "Our Saint". Although he died in his thirty-fifth year, he is regarded as the great- est of the ALWARS. Some scholars place him between the 7th and 8th centuries. (Gaz.-II; A) a 8: 398, 400 17: 373-74

Namuchi in the Rig-veda, a demon associated with Vritra. He is the personification of man’s weaknesses and is slain by Indra with the foam of water. The legend of Namuchi is amplified by the Vedic commentator and also in the Satapatha Brahmana and the Mahabharata. (Dow.) a 10:44, 238 11:29 11:42

Namur a fortified city and capital of Namur province, southcentral Belgium, at the junction of the Sambre and Meuse rivers, some 50 km southwest of Siege. Its strategic position at the head of routes into France has made it the scene of many battles and sieges. Assaulted by the Germans on 21-24 August 1914, Namur surrendered on 25 August. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Nana Fadnavis (1742-1800), a Maratha Brahmin statesman who became the chief minister of the minor Peshwa in 1774. He practically ran the affairs of the Marathas and managed to hold together the MARATHA CONFEDERACY till his death in 1800. (D.I.H.) a 4: 140 14: 378

Nanak (1469-1539), the founder of the Sikh religion. His sayings and songs make up the Sacred Book of the Sikhs, known as the Grantha Sahib. (D.I.H.) a 1:289, 699 2:13 3:110, 214, 432 4:143, 171 14:135, 187, 256, 319, 379 IX: 29 XVIII: 163

Nanak Charit a biography of Nanak in Bengali by Krishna KumarMitra. (A) D 3: 431

Nanavati, Dr. R. H. a Medical Officer in the service of the former princely state of Baroda around 1900. (A) 0 27:114

Nancy city and capital of Meurthe-et-Moselle departement of eastern France, in what was formerly the province of Lorraine. (Enc. Br.) n 7: 1027

Nanda in the Bhagavata Parana, the cowherd of Gokul by whom Krishna was brought up. He was the husband of Yasoda. (Dow.) a 8:301

Nandagopalu ( ? -c. 1924), a well-known and influential politician ofPondicherry; a member of Conseil General (1911-21). He was the father of Selva Raju. Nandagopalu was an active figure in the election to the French Chamber in 1914. Probably he was the same as Nand Gopal Chetty who "seems to have agreed to participate in a plan of the British government agents to carry Sri Aurobindo out of the limits of French India with the help of goondas, so that Sri- Aurobindo might be arrested by the British authorities" (for details see Purani, p. 148). (Gaz.P., p.241;Purani) a 27:445.449

Nandan in Hindu mythology, the grove of Indra, lying to the north of MERU. (Dow.) D 4: 17 T-. 990

Nandanpahad name of a mountain mentioned in the Puranas. (M.W.) a I: 71

Nandas The Nandas form a dynasty that ruled Magadha in northern India between c. 343 and 321 BC. The last king of this dynasty was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya in c. 321 BC. As with all pre-Maurya dynasties, what is known about the Nandas is a mixture of fact and legend. The indigenous traditions suggest that the dynasty was founded by Mahapadma (according to some in c. 362 BC). The Nandas were of low origin, but they became very powerful and rich. (Enc. Br.;D.I.H.) n 2:12

Nandi a Moderate leader of Punjab. He was one of the three main organizers of the Congress session held at Lahore in 1909. (A) D 4: 179

Nandi, Ashok Ashok Chandra Nandi ( ? -1909), a young man, convicted in the Alipore Bomb Case. He contracted tuber- culosis due to exposure and neglect while suffering from fever during the undertrial period. He was, however, allowed to die in his own home. Born in a family of yogis, he was himself in his life and character a yogi andabhakta. (A; A.B.T.) , a 2:172 4: 175, 284, 313-14

Naoroji, Dadabhai (1825-1917), a prominent and rich businessman of Bombay, known as "the Grand Old Man" for active participa- tion in public affairs. He was elected presi- dent of the Congress thrice, in 1886, 1893 and 1906. Liberal in his outlook, Dadabhai was a nationalist and critic of the British economic policy in India. (Enc. Br. D.I.H.) Var: Nowroji n 1:158, 166-71, 193, 197-99, 201-02, 204, 227, 513, 627, 673-74 4:199 26:15, 29 27:38 1:2, 5

Naples a city in Campania region of South Italy, about 120 miles southeast of Rome. It is a great seaport, an intellectual centre, and the financial capital of southern Italy. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) n 1:505, 579 3:480

Napoleon (Bonaparte) Napoleon I (1769- 1821), general and emperor of France (1804- 15), one of the most celebrated personages in the history of the West, who temporarily extended French domination over a large part of Europe. "Napoleon was a Rakshasa of the pure type, colossal in his force and attainment…. His nature was his right; its need his justification." (17: 383-84) (Enc.Br.;A) Var: Napoleon Buonaparte Der: Napoleonic a 1: 48 2: 31-32, 147 3: 176, 193, 265-67. 269, 274, 355, 454, 458 5: 43,

110 9:410 10:27 12:42, 474 15:290, 297, 320, 327, 422, 436, 456, 651 16: 280, 284. 306 17: 82, 87, 377-79, 381-87 22: 413-14, 419, 454, 469, 495-97 24: 1585, 1588, 1637, 1719 25: 78 26: 181, 346,365 27: 51, 123 III: 23 V: 89 VI: 193 IX: 42, 44 X: 148-49, 151, 156 XIII: 44 XVII: 44

Nar(a)1 the original eternal man associated with the conception of Narayana; the Highest Male (8: 59); the complete man. See also Nara-Narayana. (A) n 3:207 8:32, 59 13:11, 16 17:257 18:15 20:314, 351 VII: 54 XVII: 2

Nara2 in Sri Aurobindo’s play Eric, a place where Swegn’s house stood, n 6:555

Narac Narakasura, a terrible demon-king mentioned in the Mahabharata, Vishnu Purana, and Harivansa Purana. No Asura before him had ever been so horrible in his actions as Narakasura. (Dow.) Q 8:40

Narad(a) a well-known Rishi and Vaishnava Bhakta who moves about in the various worlds playing on a lute and having a special role in bringing about events according to the Divine Will. In a letter written in the 1930s, Sri Aurobindo says that he "stands for the expression of the Divine Love and Knowledge. "(22: 392) D 7: 922, 1004-07, 1009 9: 375 13: 344. 349 16: 429 17: 91, 142 22: 96, 392 23: 789-90 25: 373 29: 415, 423, 425-26, 429, 442, 456, 469

Naraian; Narain See Narayan(a)

Naraingunge also spelt Narayanganj, a large town in Dacca district of Bengal (now in Bangladesh). It is the chief river port for Dhaka. (Enc. Br.) n 2: 360 4: 248

Naraka the condition of misery in the subtle body; Hell; according to Hindu belief, a place of torture to which the souls of the wicked are sent. Authorities vary greatly as to the number and names of such places. Manu enumerates twenty-one. (I&G; Dow.) a 4:13, 15-16, 80, 230, 274-75, 278, 289, 301-02 12: 467 II: 78, 89, 96, 125

Nara-Narayana This double figure "expresses the relation of God in man to man.in God" (13: 11). Nara and Narayana are associated together and considered either as gods or sages. In epic poetry they are two of the four sons (the other two are Hari and Krishna) of the Prajapati called Dharma. They became great ascetics and performed austerities to please Brahma for a thousand years at Badarikashram (see Budaricashram). Indra deputed celestial maidens to break their concentration. They asked the sages to

accept them as their wives. Narayana became angry and was going to curse them, but Nara intervened and pacified him. Then Narayana said, "In the 28th Dwapara Yuga I will in- carnate on earth as Krishna

 in the Yadu dynasty and marry all of you." Accordingly Narayana was born as Sri Krishna in Yadu dynasty and Nara was born as Arjun to be his companion. (A; Pur. Enc.; M.W.) n 13:11, 16 20:314,351

Narasingha Man-lion, the fourth Avatar of Vishnu. This form was assumed to deliver the world from the tyranny of the demon- king Hiranyakashipu and save Prahlada from his persecution. Vishnu emerged from a pillar half-man and half-lion and tore the demon-king to pieces with his claws. (Dow.) D 2: 286 22: 402 XXII: 169

Narayan apparently Narayan Kundu, a pleader in the French Court of Chandernagore, through whom Sri Aurobindo communicated with Motilal Roy. D 27:432, 440

Narayan(a) 1. a name of Vishnu, who, as the God in man, lives constantly associated in a dual unity with Nara, the human being. 2. one of the the two Rishi brothers who performed austerities at Badarikashram. Urvasie was produced by the sage Narayana by thumping on his thigh. (A; M.N.) See also Nara-Narayana. Var: Naraian; Narain 0 2: 4-6, 24, 84, 428 3: 207, 278, 299.357 4: 118, 153, 160, 257, 268-69, 280, 301, 308 7: 909.912, 918, 922, 968 8: 32, 59, 345, 400-01 10:335 13: 11, 16, 126-27, 137, 143, 345, 361, 379-80 14: 340, 405 16: 412, 416-17 17: 270 18:15 20:314, 351, 394 23:977 24:1387 27:317, 343 IV: 171 VI: 127 VII: 54 VIII: 140 X: 163-65 XVII: 2 XX: 117

Narayan(a) a Bengali literary monthly, chiefly devoted to Vaishnavism and national liberation. It was started and edited by C. R. Das, and published from Calcutta. For some time it seems to have been edited by Barindra Kumar Ghose. Barindra and Upendra were put in charge of Narayan when they came back to Calcutta after their release in 1920. (Cal.Lib.;L.toSl.) n 4: pre. 14: 385 27: 488, 492-94 VII: 6, 18

Narayan Jyotishi Narayan Chandra Jyotir- bhusan Bhattacharya, a Calcutta astrologer who predicted, without any reference to a horoscope, some events in Sri Aurobindo’s life, including his three political trials and acquittals. He published a big book on astrology, Horabijan Rahasyam, a compilation of all the systems prevalent in his time. (A; Purani; A & R) D 24: 1562 26: 209

Narbada See Narmada

Narendra Nath See Sen, Narendra Nath

Narmada a river of central India, regarded as sacred by the Hindus. It rises in the Mai- kala Range of

Mandal district in the state of Madhya Pradesh, and enters the Gulf of Cambay through an estuary. (Enc. Br.) Var: Narbada; Nurmada a 6:211 24:1235 26:18-19, 50, 352-53 1:69 11:61

Nasata father of the Vedic gods Nasatyas or Asvins. n 10: 517 XVI: 163

Nasik a city in the northeastern part of the former province of Bombay (now in the state of Maharashtra), not far from Poona. It is a holy city of the Hindus, being the scene of certain events in the life of Rama and Sita. It is also the site of Buddhist and Jain cave temples dating back to 1st century AD. (D.I.H.;Enc. Br.) a 2:333, 345, 375-76, 388 4:236 1:1, 2, 5 X: 187

Nasik Wrata a Marathi paper published from Nasik around 1908; "Wrata" is apparently a misspelling, probably of "Varta" or "Vritta". D I: 2

Nassau Frederick Henry (1584-1647), prince of Orange, and count of Nassau, general, politician, and stadtholder (chief executor of Holland). He led military cam- paigns against Spanish outposts throughout the Low Countries. (Enc. Br.) a 111:28

Nasurullah Khan, Nawabzada Nawab of SACHIN. a l: 196

Natal formerly a province in the Union of South Africa, on the Indian Ocean. Now it is a constituent of the Republic of South Africa. (Col. Enc.; Pears) a 1:132 2:33, 303 4: 224

Nataraja(n) "Lord of Dance", the god Shiva in his form as the cosmic dancer, represented in metal or stone in many Shaiva temples of South India. (Enc. Br.) 0 14: 222, 232, 235 17: 282 26: 193

Natekar, Purushottam an imaginary name of a supposed leader of the secret society supplied to GOSSAIN in the jail by a pre- tended approver in the Alipore Bomb Trial. (A) a 4: 296

Nation See (Indian) Nation

National College (or School) See (Bengal) National College

(National) Council of Education a body founded in Calcutta at a public meeting on 11 March 1906. Its object was "to impart Education – Literary as well as Scientific and Technical – on National fines and exclusively under National control, not in opposition to, but standing apart from the existing system of Primary, Secondary and University Education". The Council established the Ben- gal National College and various "national schools" within and even outside Bengal. The schools established outside Calcutta had later to be abolished, but the Council had the satisfaction of seeing its main child, the Bengal National College, develop into the present Jadavpur University. Some feeble attempts were made to name the university after Sri Aurobindo, but the Indian Government decided to name it Jadavpur University. (D.I.H.; M.I., Mar. ’62, p. 68)) a 1:223, 482, 719, 760-61, 805, 847 2: 70, 229-30, 337-39 3: 431 4: 181 17: 213 VIII: 131

National(ist) (Party) a political party of India of the early 20th century which was composed of the younger section of the Congressmen; it was led by B. G. Tilak, Sri Aurobindo, Bepin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai. Unlike the veteran Congressmen known as the Moderates, the Nationalists wanted to have a government which should be "autonomous and absolutely free of British control". They preached self-help and the necessity of rousing the masses. They held that the Indians were as capable of freedom as any subject nation could be and their defects were the result of servitude and could only be removed by the struggle for freedom. They were nicknamed "Extremists" by their opponents. (D.I.H.; A) Var:

Rashtriya Mandal(l) – (Hindi translation of the name) Der: Nationalism; Nationalistic a 1: 81, 151, 238, 262-64, 266, 273, 275-76, 280, 296, 298-302, 324, 333-34, 336-40, 344, 352, 355, 359, 363-64, 366, 368, 370-71, 387, 389-90, 428, 430, 434-35, 440, 448, 456, 462-63, 465, 473, 476, 491-92, 498, 523, 529, 531, 533-35. 543, 548-49, 557, 566, 569-72, 580, 583-93, 595, 597-600, 607-12, 616-19, 623, 628, 633-34, 638-41, 643-53, 656-57, 659, 661-64, 668-70, 698, 702-03, 721, 725-26, 740-43, 746-47, 749-50, 752, 754-55, 770, 772, 781-83, 788, 792, 795, 797, 803, 805, 810, 817, 819, 825-26, 838, 840, 855, 858, 860, 862, 864-71, 873, 891-92, 895-96, 899-902, 904-09 2: 22-23, 42-43, 48, 51-52, 76-78, 92, 101-03, 110, 123-25, 127, 129-33, 137, 143-44, 158-60, 166-67, 171, 177-79, 183-84, 187, 190-93, 196-201, 203, 205-07, 209-10, 219-24, 226, 233, 236-37, 239-40, 242, 259-60, 262, 277, 281-83, 287-88, 294-98, 308, 310, 313-16, 319-26, 328, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342-43, 346-47, 355, 365, 370-73, 381-82, 384, 386-92, 411-12 4:176-79, 182-83, 186-92, 197, 200, 204-05, 216, 220, 230-33, 236, 241, 245 26: 22-23, 25-27, 29-30, 32-35, 37, 40-

42, 46-48, 53-54, 59, 399, 436 27: 35, 55, 57, 66, 68, 464, 50111:1, 84 111:15, 17-18 IV: 109-12

VI: 124 VIII: 121-24, 126-27, 129, 132 X: 186 XIV: 102-07 XVII: 67-69

"Natural and Supernatural Man" name of a literary work by Sri Aurobindo; possibly another name for the collection of essays known as "Essays Divine and Human", published in SABCL, Vol. 17, pp. 161-85. D XXII: 170

Natus, the Natu Brothers, two prominent Poona Brahmins arrested in 1897 and de- ported under suspicion of being behind the murders of Rand and Ayerst in Poona. (A; P.T.I.) a 1: 363 27: 54

Navagwas a class of Nine-rayed Vedic Rishis, descendants of Angiras, who sacrificed for nine months. They are often associated with the Dashagwas whose session of sacrifice lasted for ten. The Navagwas them- selves might well have become Dashagwas by extending the period of sacrifice. The two are not different classes of Angirasa Rishis, but rather seem to be two different powers of Angirashood. (V.G.) D 10: 150, 156-57, 167-70, 172, 176-77, 183-84, 204, 206, 227, 234

Navakishan a person who, according to Sri Aurobindo, somehow caused the old mantra of "Bande Mataram" to pass out of use. It was later revealed to Bankim Chandra, who revivified it. (A) n l: 666

Nava Shakti a Bengali daily newspaper of Calcutta, started in May 1907 with a certain Manmohan Ghose as printer and publisher. It was conducted and owned by Manoranjan Guhathakurta. In 1908 Sri Aurobindo decided to take charge of this paper, but was arrested before he could begin this new venture. (A; A.B.T.; Remini.) Var: Nabasakti a 1: 430, 652, 707-08, 907 4:260 26:33 IV: 110

Nawab, the See Salimullah, Nawab

Nayak a Bengali daily newspaper of Calcutta, edited by Panchkori Banerji. It was one of the two dailies (the other being Sandhya, edited by Brahmabandhab Upadhyaya) which gained great popularity. (S.F.F.) a 27: 427

Nazarene term used for early Christians, and particularly for Jesus Christ. It alludes to Nazareth, the home of Jesus. (Col. Enc.)  7: 727