-17_Glossary and Index Page180 to 194.htm

15: 5, 7-8, 117, 270, 353, 463-64. 583, 627 17: 121-22, 211, 393 20: 316 21: 714, 717, 720 22:154, 416 23:675 26:130 27:79, 359-63, 451 1:27 11:61, 66 111:5, 7-8, 12-13, 18 V: 2, 4 VI: 158-59 XVIII: 134 XIX: 5-7

Kshetro Kshetro Mohan Singh, the first "declared" or legal proprietor of Bande Mataram according to the declaration dated 6 August 1906. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

K.U. Kena Upanishad

Kubera See Kuvera

KublaKhan poetic fragment (1816) by Coleridge, an inspired fantasy memorable for its haunting sensuous imagery and melodic lines. (Enc. Br.) D 9: 349

Kulasekhara Alwar (fl. c. 8th cent.), a king of Malabar who became a poet-saint. (Enc. Br.) a 8: 402

Kulind in the Mahabharata, name of a people living in a region of the same name in the northwest of India. (M. N.; Dow.) D 8: 41

Kumar See Deb, Kumar Kshitendra

Kumar(a) in Hindu mythology, name or epithet of Skanda, the god of war. See Kartikeya. n [Indexed with Kartikeya]

Kumar Atreya a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Atri. (B.P.C.) D 11: 203

K.unwr(a)sambhava(m) one of the six recognized epic poems in Sanskrit literature, in seventeen cantos. The first seven are certainly by Kalidasa, the last ten; also ascribed to him, are thought by some scholars to be spurious. The poem’s theme is the marriage of Lord Shiva and Uma and the birth of Kartikeya. Sri Aurobindo translated the first and part of the second canto of this poem under the title The Birth of the War-God. (Enc. Br.;Gaz.-II) a 3:226-27, 251, 260, 293, 308, 316, 318. 323 8: 97, 99, 104, 113, 125 9:76, 113 X: 143

Kumartuli Park Kumartuli is a locality in northwest Calcutta, and the park is situated at 22, Nandaram Sen Street. (Guide) a 2: 150

Kumbhakarna in the story of the Ramayana, ‘brother of Ravana, who under the curse of Brahma (or, as otherwise represented, as a boon) slept for six months at a time and remained awake for only a single day. He was aroused from sleep with great difficulty, when Ravana was hard-pressed in the battle.

Kumbhakarna was slain by Rama. (Dow.) D V:6.11

Kumbhakonam a town in Thanjavur district of Madras province (now Tamil Nadu state), in the Cavery delta. It contains many Hindu temples, and every twelve years is the site of a great gathering of pilgrims. (Col. Enc.) a 26:16

Kunchenjunga See Kanchanjungha.

Kuntibhoja in the Mahabharata, king of the people called Kuntis. He was the adoptive father of Kunti (see the following entry). (Dow.) 1-1 4:75

Kunti(e)’ (Kunti), in the Mahabharata, born Pritha as daughter of the Yadava prince Surasena, and renamed Kunti when adopted (and brought up) by Kuntibhoja, her father’s childless cousin. In her maidenhood she gave birth through the ear to Kama. Subsequently she married Pandu and bore three sons: Yudhishthira, Bhima and Arjuna. After the end of the great war she retired with Dhritatashtra and Gandhari into the forest and there they all perished in a fire. (Dow.) Var: Coonty; County n 3:151-52, 172, 208 4:77-78 8:27-28, 48, 51, 60-61, 77-78, 80, 82-88, 95 12:456 13: 52, 60, 62, 104.127, 139, 261, 514 11:79 IV: 116

Kuntie2 (Kunti), in the Mahabharata, name of a region, its people, king and warriors. (M.N.) Var: Kountie n 8:41.43

Kuntivardhan Purujit See Pourujit

Kural a most venerated and popular Tamil book by the poet Tiruvalluvar. It was written in the early centuries of the Christian era, not later than the 10th century. The Kural propounds a Sankhya philosophy in 1, 330 poetical aphorisms on three subjects: wealth, pleasure and virtue. It contains the moral ideals and ethical doctrines of the Tamil people. It has been translated into many languages, Indian and foreign. (D.I.H.;

jGaz.-I & II) Var: Kurral a 8: 397 14: 321 17: 319

Kurokis perhaps a variant of "Cherokees", members of a tribe of Iroquoian Indians whose original home was in the southeastern United States; they now live in the South- west. The etymological meaning of the word "Cherokee" is probably "cave people". (Web.) n l: 219

Kuropatkin, Aleksey Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (1848-1921), Russian general. (Enc. Br.) a 1:211, 580

Kuru a prince of the Lunar race. He ruled over a region around modern Delhi. A people called Kurus dwelling around Kuru- kshetra were connected with him. Kuru was the ancestor both of Dhritarashtra and

Pandu, but the patronymic "Kaurava" is generally applied to the sons of Dhrita- rashtra. (Dow.) D 3: 143, 162, 189-91. 193-96, 200, 203-05, 207-08, 214, 266 4: 83-86, 89, 93, 95-96, 100, 107 5:222 6:277 8:34, 59-60, 77-78, 90, 95 10: 15 13: 160 14: 325 27: 79 1^: 115-16 VI: 155-56 X: 148 XVIII: 136

Kuruhur a small town in Tinnevelly (officially, Tirunelveli), Tamil Nadu, South India; birthplace of Nammalwar. (A) n 17: 373

Kurukshetra "the field of the Kurus", a plain where the great battle between the Kauravas and the Pandavas was fought. The site of the battle has been located near Delhi, not very far from Panipat in Karnal district of Har- yana state. It was the scene of many battles in later days also. Kurukshetra is always regarded in the Brahmana texts as a particularly sacred country. Within its boundaries flowed the rivers Drsadvati (see Drishadwati) and Sarasvati, as well as the Apaya. Roughly speaking it corresponds to the modern Sirhind. (Dow.; D.I.H.; V. Index) a 1: 98, 737 3: 199, 346, 352-54 4: 62, 67, 71, 73, 75, 82, 90, 95-99, 165, 303 13: 9, 12-13, 15, 33, 36-37, 42-44, 50, 59, 124, 126, 172, 287, 361, 369, 371, 384, 430, 436, 481, 521, 537, 549 14: 193 15: 591-92 16: 252 17: 83, 141 22: 492 23: 676 26: 130, 136, 396, 398 VI: 156 VII: 49, 51 VIII: 192

Kuruvriddha an epithet of BHISHMA, mean- ing ancient among the Kurus. D 4: 76

Kushasthaly an ancient city of India, identical with or standing on the same spot as Dwarka in Gujarat. It was built by Raivata and was the capital of his kingdom. (Dow.) a 8: 43

Kushikas Vedic Rishis, descendants of Kusika. Vishwamitra was the most important of them. The Kushikas are repeatedly referred to in the third Mandala of the Rig-veda, and figure in the legend of Sunahsepa in the Aitereya Brahmana. (V. Index) a n: 149, 158

Kushtia formerly a subdivisional town of Nadia district in the province of Bengal. Now it is a district town in Khulna division of Bangladesh, a 4:260

Kusumanjali title in gold letters of a Bengali book carried by a girl seen in swapnasamadhi by Sri Aurobindo. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Kuthumi name of a Rishi. According to the Vishnu Purana and the Vayu Parana, he was

a disciple of Pausyamji, who belonged to Vyasa’s Samavedic school. (B.P.C.) Var: Kuthrni (a misspelling) a 2: 413 5: 83

Kutsa the human soul; "the sattwic or purified and light-filled soul" (13: 18). It is said that Indra took him in his chariot to his palace, and when the chariot reached the end of the journey Kutsa had grown into an exact likeness of his divine companion Indra. (A) a 13: 16, 18 II: 40, 45 XVIII: 177

Kutsa (Angirasa) a Vedic Rishi, a descendant of Angiras; author of several hymns of the Rig-veda. (B.P.C.) a 10:154.237, 430 11: 34, 66 18: 1 V: 31 VI: 147 VIII: 149 XVII: 53

Kutthumi Koot Hoomi (or Kut Humi), one of the Theosophical Masters (see Mahatmas), semi-divine beings who watch over the world’s spiritual progress. Koot Hoomi made himself particularly helpful to Mme Blavatsky and Col. Olcott in the early days of the Theosophical Society, and William Quan Judge seems to have thought that he was Koot Hoomi himself. (Enc. Unex., p. 131) a XIII: 28, 30

Kuvera (the form of Kubera in later Sanskrit) in Hindu mythology, the king of the Yakshas and the god of wealth. Ac- cording to most accounts he first lived in Lanka, but was expelled from there by his half-brother Ravana. He now resides in Alaka, a beautiful mansion near Shiva’s abode on Mt. Kailasa. (Enc. Br.; M.W.) Var: Kubera; Kuver(e); Cubera D 7: 913 8: 130 17: 40 27: 159 II: 37

Kyd Thomas Kyd (or Kid), (1558-94), English dramatist. He was the best-known exponent of the English "tragedy of blood", and was among the writers who exercised considerable influence on Shakespeare in his formative years. (Col. Enc.) D 3:233

L

Labkan in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora, a tailor of Bassora and creditor of Nureddene. (A) a 7:634

Labour (Party) in Great Britain, reformist Socialist political party that has strong institutional and financial links with the trade unions. In 1900 the Trades Union Congress cooperated with the Independent Labour Party (founded in 1893) to establish the Labour Representation Committee, which took the name Labour Party in 1906. The party gained strength rapidly, and emerged from the 1918 general election as the

second largest party in the House of Commons. Later, during certain periods, the party enjoyed a majority in the House. (Enc. Br.) Der: Labourites a 1:143-44, 435, 565, 574 2:237, 271, 285, 299.379, 393-94, 434 4:206, 221 15:536, 647 26:54

Lacedaemon Laconia, the southeastern division of the Peloponnesus in ancient Greece, of which Sparta was the capital. (M.I.) Der: Lacedaemonian a 5:405, 480

Lachhima in the songs of the Maithil poet Vidyapati, "lady of Mithila city", wife of Shiva Singha Rupnaraian, the king. (A) a 8:226-28, 236, 263

Lady ofShalott a poem by Tennyson. It first came out in his collection Poems published in 1832. (Col. Enc.) a 9:62

Lady of the Lake in Arthurian legend, Vivian, mistress of Merlin (a magician and seer, helper of King Arthur). She lived in a castle surrounded by a lake. (Web.) D 5:185

Laertes in Greek legend, king of Ithaca and father of Odysseus. (M.I.) a 5:481

Lahiri, Pumachandra a member of the C.I.D. of Bengal around 1908. n 4:261

Lahore a city on the west bank of the Ravi. It was the capital of the province of Punjab under British rule. Now it is the capital of the Punjab of Pakistan, and the largest city of Pakistan. Lahore was the venue of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1893, 1900, 1909, and 1929. (D.I.H.) D 1:272, 279, 348, 394, 521, 648 2:102, 128, 191, 197, 205-06, 215, 297, 304-05, 307, 309, 318-19, 329, 390 4:179, 186, 199-200, 202, 228, 231, 234, 237-38, 240 27:1, 51-52 XIV: 102-03, 105-06

Lais name of a celebrated Greek courtesan, a Sicilian, carried to Corinth at the time of the Athenian expedition to Sicily. (Ox. Comp.) Var: Lais a 3:297 X: 161

Lajpat a character, see Lal

Lajpat (Rai) Lala Lajpat Rai (1865-1928), a celebrated leader of Punjab, often called "Punjab-Kesari" or "Sher-e-Punjab" (the Lion of Punjab), outspoken in his advocacy of anti-British nationalism in the

Congress party. He was a lawyer by profession and an Arya Samajist in religion; he built up the Arya Samaj into an effective organization in the country. For taking part in the political agitation in Punjab, Lajpat Rai was deported to Mandalay (Burma) without trial in May 1907. In November, however, he was allowed to return when the Viceroy Lord Minto decided that there was insufficient evidence to hold him for subversion. In 1914 Lajpat Rai went to the U.S.A. and stayed there till the end of World War I. On his return to India, he joined the Swarajist party and later presided over the special session of the Congress held at Calcutta in 1920. Lajpat Rai died on 17 November 1928 from injuries sustained during the lathi charge by police on a procession led by him at Lahore on 20 October in protest against the arrival of the Simon Commission. (Enc. Br.; Enc. Ind.) n 1:169, 195, 281, 334-36, 342, 344-45, 347-48, 350, 354, 359, 361-62, 364-65, 369, 372-74, 377, 381, 391, 420, 435, 482, 503, 522, 572, 607, 610, 612, 635, 638-39, 648-50, 784, 817 2:178, 260, 281, 363-64 4:178-79, 247 26:48 27:49, 51-54, 57-58, 484 V: 100

LakeDal See Dal, Lake

Lakshichand a son of Guru NANAK. (A) D 1:289

Lakshmana in the Ramayana, son of King Dasaratha by Sumitra, twin brother of Shatrughna and half-brother of Rama. He was very much devoted to Rama. When Rama and his wife Sita went into exile for fourteen years, Lakshmana accompanied them to serve them. He stood by them in all perils and fought against Ravana’s army of Rakshasas to recover Sita, whom Ravana had carried off. Meghanada, Ravana’s valiant son, was killed by Lakshmana. (Dow.) VarLuxman a 8:6, 20-22 14:290

Lakshmi in Hindu mythology, the goddess of wealth and good fortune, consort of Vishnu. According to a legend she sprang from the froth of the Ocean when it was churned, in full beauty, with a lotus in her hand. Of the various names and epithets of Lakshmi, those indexed here are Indira and Kamala. (Dow.) Var: Luxmi(e); Laxmi a 1:61 4:140 5:199, 222-23 6:212, 261, 263, 308, 327, 329 7:913, 951 8:310, 313, 339, 343, 345, 385, 399, 401 10:352-53 11:3 14:137 17:262 23:977 27:451 29:509 XXI: 14

Lakshmibai (1835-58), the Rani (queen) of Jhansi, who played a prominent role in the Indian Mutiny against British rule. Leading her own troops, she cooperated with the rebel general Tantia Topi in capturing Gwalior (1857), and was killed fighting British forces at Marwar or Kotah the following year. (Enc. Ind.; Enc. Br.) D 4:99

Lal or Lajpat, a character – representing Lala Lajpat Rai – in "The Slaying of Congress", a tragedy by Sri Aurobindo published in Bande Mataram in February 1908. n 1:673, 679-80, 688

Lal Bazar Hajat police lock-up of Lal Bazar, a locality in central Calcutta. D 2:3 4:260-61, 269-70

Lalmohan; Lalmohun See Ghose, Lalmohan

Lamb, Charles (1775-1834), English essayist chiefly known for his Essays of Elia, and his letters, which have a blend of humour and tenderness. (Pears) 1-1 9:545

Lambert a person to whom Chatterton was apprenticed in 1767. (A) 1-1 11:18

Lamia a poem by Keats published in 1820, shortly before his death (1821). In classical mythology. Lamia was a female demon who devoured children. In Keats’ poem. Lamia is

a witch who is destroyed by the sage Apollonius. (Enc. Br.) a 9:130

Lamprecht, Karl Gottfried (1856-1915), German historian who was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic theory of psychological factors in history. (Enc. Br.) D 15:2

Lanca See Lanka

Lancelot Gobbo LauncelotGobbo, a character – a clown, servant to Shylock – in Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice. (Shakes.) D 17:96

Landell & Clarke name of a firm dealing in jute, perhaps located in Pabna around 1909. (A) D 4:247

Landor, Walter Savage (1775-1864), English author and poet. His verse ranges from the epic to the epigrammatic, and includes some lyrics of great simplicity and intensity. (Col. Enc.) a 9:305, 527 11:11

Lanka in the Ramayana, the island kingdom of Ravana or its capital city. It is said to have been built of gold by Vishwakarma for the residence of Kubera, from whom it was taken by Ravana. Its site is the island for- merly called Ceylon, presently Sri Lanka. (Dow.) Var: Lanca n 1:811-12 2:80 5:78, 84 20:317 V: 5-12, 14, 16 IX: 40

Lansdowne, Lord Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitzmaurice (1845-1927), 5th Marquess of Lansdowne; Irish nobleman and British diplomat. Governor General of Canada (1883-88), Viceroy of India (1888-94).

 After his return to England he served in various capacities, as Secretary for War, Foreign Secretary, etc. (Enc. Br.) a i:575

Laocoon in Greek legend, Trojan prince, brother of Anchises and priest of Apollo (or, in some accounts, of Poseidon). In Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, he is a son of Priam and priest of Apollo. He prophesies that Troy shall triumph and spurs the Trojans on to their destruction. (M.I.) a l: 120 5: 416-17, 419, 423-24, 429-31, 433, 439, 512

Laodamia a poem written in 1815 by Wordsworth. (Col. Enc.) a 9:122

Laomedon in Greek legend, king of Troy, father of Priam. He employed Apollo and Poseidon to build the walls of Troy, but cheated them of their payment, as a result of which Poseidon sent a sea monster to ravage the land. Heracles killed the monster, but he too was refused the reward Laomedon had promised him, whereupon Heracles attacked Troy and slew Laomedon and all his sons except Priam. Laomedon’s grave lay over the Scaean Gate of Troy, the northwestern gate which, when opened, signified war. (Col. Enc.; M.I.) Der: Laomedonian;

Laomedontian a 5:392, 397, 399, 402-03, 408, 410, 412, 417, 426, 447, 450, 461, 467

Lao Tse Lao-tze or Lao-tzu (fl. c. 6th cent. BC), Chinese philosopher, the reputed foun- der of Taoism. It is uncertain whether Lao- tze (which in Chinese means "old person" or "old philosopher") is a historical figure. He, like Confucius, was not-a founder of a religion in the ordinary sense of the word. Both simply laid down systems of morals and social behaviour; but after their deaths, numerous temples were built to their memory and their books became the Vedas of the Chinese. (Col.Enc.;G.W.H.) a 22:62, 65

Laporte an eloquent criminal lawyer of Pondicherry during a long career (c. 1910 to c. 1945). He was a candidate for election to the French Chamber in 1914. (A) D 27:442, 446

Lares in Roman religion, tutelary deities. They were originally gods of the cultivated fields, worshipped by each household at the crossroads. Later they were worshipped in the houses, and the household Lar was con- ceived of as the centre of the family and of the family’cult. The image of the Lar was usually a youthful figure. The public Lares belonged to the state religion. The state had its own Lares, the protecting patrons and guardians of the city. (Enc.Br.) a XVI: 141

Larissa Larissa Cremaste, an ancient town in PHTHIA near the coast opposite the northern

tip of Euboea. It is supposed to have been the home of Achilles. (M.I.) Der: Larissan a 5:440, 465-66

Lark Ascending, The a poem by George Meredith, n 9:164

"Last Supper" famous painting (fresco) by Leonardo da Vinci, begun c. 1485 and completed by 1498. Located in Milan, it is among the most widely popular paintings of the Renaissance. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 9:485

Latavya a character – chamberlain of the King’s seraglio – in Vikramorvasie, Sri Aurobindo’s translation of Kalidasa’s drama. l-l 3:375 7:909, 953-54, 992-96, 998-99, 1004 X:157

Latin When not used for the Latin language (see the next entry), the term means "a native or inhabitant of ancient Latium or ancient Rome". (Latium was an ancient country in central Italy, southeast of Rome.) As an adjective it means properly (1) "of ancient Latium or its people", or (2) "of ancient Rome or its people". The adjective is often used to refer to the peoples who speak languages derived from Latin or to the lan- guages themselves (the Romance languages). (Web.) Der: Latinised; Latinistic a 1:525 5:420, 435 9:42, 50-51, 54, 59, 87, 96, 138, 181, 239, 524 10: 553 14: 20, 220, 367 15: 44, 86, 147, 290, 296, 332-33, 344, 378, 410, 501, 521, 567 17:196, 298, 318 VIII: 173 X:113 XV: 11 XVII: 38

Latin (language) language of the city of Rome which spread with the power of Rome until it became the language of most of western Europe. Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and also Roumanian and some minor tongues derive from it. Various forms of Latin are distinguished: Old Latin (before c. 75 BC, pre-classical); Classical Latin (that of great writers of late republican and early imperial Rome, c. 75 BC to AD 175); Late Latin (c. AD 175 to 600); Medieval Latin (c. 600 to 1500); Modern Latin (since AD 1500). (O.C.C.L.;C.O.D.) Der: Latinise(d);

Latinisation; Latinism; Latinist; Latinistic a 1:350, 519 3:36, 79 5:342, 345, 361-62, 380, 551, 585, 587 7:1013, 1015 8:407 9:46, 49, 54, 58, 61, 86-87, 134, 138, 171, 191, 395, 399, 407, 413, 420, 460-62 10: 36, 67, 77, 155, 352, 500-01, 518, 553, 555, 557-59, 561-62.564, 566-67, 571, 574 11: 448, 454, 486-87, 506 12: 401, 408-09, 423 14: 298 15: 296, 390, 411, 491, 494-96 17:127, 193, 295-97, 394 22:305, 451 26: 1-3, 262, 266, 312-14 27: 89, 166-67, 169, 171-72, 179, 334 29: 800 I:

8, 12, 16 II: 13, 15, 27, 30, 36, 38, 87 III: 52, 54, 56 IV: 150-51, 155 V: 42-44 VI: 139, 143, 153 VIII: 180 XIV: 163 XV: 23, 47 XVI: 149, 162-63, 165, 172, 176 XVII: 19, 22, 66, 72-73 XVIII: 169, 173, 185 XXI: 67

Latin-Celtic group Latin and Celtic languages, a 17: 295

Latona Latin name of Leto who, in Greek mythology, was daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe. She was mother of Apollo and Artemis. See also Leto. (Col. Enc.) D 5:506, 544

Lavonya in Hindu mythology, name of a nymph of Heaven, a 5:190

Lawrence, D. H. David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930), English short-story writer, poet, essayist, and one of the most important and controversial 20th-century novelists. He attempted in his fiction to express the deep natural and instinctive forces in men and women by writing symbolically or explicitly of primitive peoples and of primitive passions in more sophisticated individuals. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) D 9:297, 308.535-41 24:1515

Laxmi SeeLakshmi.

Lays Lays of Ancient R6me, a book of poems (1842) by Thomas Babington Macaulay which made him a popular poet. (Col. Enc.) a 3: 108 9: 474 26: 6

Leadbeater, Charles Webster (1847-1934), a Church of England clergyman who was won over to theosophy by Mme Blavatsky. Leadbeater became a leading figure in the Theosophical Society and the right-hand man of Mrs. Besant. (Enc. Unex., pp. 251-52; Enc. Am, Vol. 26, p. 524) n XIII: 29

League of Nations former international organization, predecessor of the United Nations Organization, having as its purpose the maintenance of peace, arbitration of international disputes and the promotion of international cooperation. It may be called ft product of World War I, being established at the initiative of the victorious Allied powers. (Col. Enc.) a 14: 365 15: 45, 49, 364, 408, 459, 470, 508, 518, 536-37, 556-57. 559, 569, 575, 579, 612, 614-17, 619-21, 623-26, 628-29, 631-34, 638, 648, 651 27: 347-48

Leakat Hussain, Moulvi Maulvi Liaqat Husain (c. 1852- ? ), a prominent political figure of Bengal in the early years of the present century. Hailing from Bihar, he made Calcutta the centre of his activities. He was foremost among the Muslim leaders who were antagonistic to the British policy of

"Divide and Rule". He participated actively in the agitation against the partition of Ben- gal in 1905 and mobilised Muslim opinion in favour of the Swadeshi movement. In 1912 he was convicted of sedition at Barisal and sentenced to three years’ imprisonment. In 1916 he founded and became president of "Bharat Hitaishi Sabha" with the object of helping the needy irrespective of nationality, religion, caste, or creed. (D.N.B.; D.I.H.; B.B.P-.p. 133) Var: Liakat (Hossain) a 1: 579, 607, 609 VIII: 131

Lear English legendary king, supposed descendant, through Locrine and Brut, of Aeneas of Troy. His story is best known as the subject of Shakespeare’s tragedy King Lear. Towards the end of the play, Lear goes mad as a result of his mistreatment by his ungrateful daughters. (Col. Enc.) D 3: 272, 306 9: 317, 333 17: 96 24: 1638 I: 40 III: 19 X: 154

Lebanon a country of southwestern Asia, bounded on the north and east by Syria, on the south by Israel, and on the west by the Mediterranean. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) n 6: 82

Lebian pere name of a person of Pondicherry; "pere" is the French equivalent of "senior", n XXII: 174

Lecky, William Edward Hartpole (1838- 1903), British historian of rationalism and European morals; a literary historian not far below Gibbon. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 12: 497-98

Leconte de Lisle Charles-Marie-Rene Leconte de Lisle (1818-94), French poet, leader of the Parnassians, and from 1865 to 1895 acknowledged as the foremost French poet apart from the aging Hugo. (Enc. Br.) a 9: 104

Leda goddess of peace, love, beauty and bliss, mentioned in one of Sri Aurobindo’s "Conversations of the Dead". (A) a 3: 477-78

Lee Wamer Sir William Lee-Warner (1846-1914), a Cambridge graduate; in the I.C.S. (1869-95) served in various capacities, including acting Director of Public Instruction, Bombay (1885), Political Agent in Kolhapur (1886), Secretary of the Political, Judicial, and Educational Departments of Bombay (1887-93); Secretary in the Political and Secret Departments of the India Office (1895-1903); Member of the Council of India (1902-12). (Gilbert, p. 49; Wolpert, p. 248) a 1: 328

Legende des Siecles a collection (1859) of metaphysical epics by Victor Hugo, which he wrote in exile. (Enc. Br.) D 9:313 26:340

Leigh, Austen Augustus Austen Leigh, elected Provost at King’s College, Cam- bridge, in 1889; he held this office till 1905. (A&R, II:97) D 26:1 11:87

Leitus in Greek legend, a leader of the Theban contingent against Troy. (M.I.) n 5:479, 491

Leie surname of a person who translated the Mahabharata or part of it. (A) a 3:201

Leie, Balkrishna a person who was spoken of by the Madras Times in an issue of 1911 as being present in Pondicherry to carry on anarchist activities as a lieutenant of Mr. Tilak. Sri Aurobindo wrote a contradiction of these statements which was published in The Hindu. (A) D 27:500

Leie, Vishnu Bhaskar a Maharashtrian yogi under whose guidance Sri Aurobindo achieved complete silence of the mind and immobility of the whole consciousness in three days’ time, probably during the first week of January 1908. Barindra Kumar, Sri Aurobindo’s younger brother, called Leie to Baroda for this purpose. Leie was by profession a clerk. He had practised a certain form of Bhakti-yoga, and had achieved some realisation. In February 1908 Leie came to Calcutta, where he again met Sri Aurobindo. At this time the guru-disciple relationship- if it may be so called – between Sri Aurobindo and Leie came to an end. Afterwards Leie went to Deoghar to give initiation and yogic training to Barin’s associates in revolutionary work. When he came to know that they had accepted the cult of the bomb, he declined to initiate them saying that yoga and terrorism could not go together. He warned them of the dangers of the method, and foretold that India would attain freedom without blood- shed. (Purani;C.W.N., Vol.7, pp. 349-50) D 4:327 24:1258 26:19-20, 49-51, 58, 61, 64, 78, 83, 279, 353 IV: 198 VII: 1, 11 XIV: 165 XVI: 194

Lemaire, Jean (1856- ? ), a French politician, at first (1904) the Governor of Pondicherry and later (1906) a member (for Pondicherry) of the Lower Chamber of France before the office was held by Paul BLUYSEN. Der: Lemairiste D 27:442, 444-50

Lemnian of Lemnos, an island in the north- east Aegean Sea just west of the ancient city of Troy, from where the archer PHILOCTETES was brought late in the Trojan War. (Col. Enc.;M.I.) a 5:486, 491

Lemuria hypothetical prehistoric continent in the Indian Ocean, supposedly now re- presented chiefly by Madagascar. Lemuria is said to have been the home of the lemur (a nocturnal animal similar to a monkey), and it was P. L. Sclator who first put the case for Lemuria in the middle of the 19th century. He maintained that a continent once existed which stretched from the Malaya Archipelago across the south coast of Asia to Madagascar. This might be thought of as the ancient home of the lemur, which now exists only on what were once the borders of this vanished land, i.e. Africa, southern India and Malaya. (Enc. Br.; Enc. Unex.) Der: Lemurian a 3:423 5:84 6:9

Lenin pseudonym of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870-1924), founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), inspirer and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the architect, builder, and first head of the Soviet state. As a thinker, he was a for- mulator of Marxism-Leninism, the official Communist ideology. (Pears; Enc. Br.) a 9:554 14:66 15:81 24:1294 26:388

Leogrys an ancient name of a region of Britain. (A) a 7:883

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), an Italian famous for the range of his genius – he ex- celled as a painter, sculptor, architect and engineer. His notebooks reveal a spirit of scientific inquiry into the workings of the human body and physical and natural laws as well as a mechanical inventiveness that were centuries ahead of his time. (Enc. Br.) a 3:100 9:485-86, 546 14:66, 200 22:408

Leopardi, Giacomo (1798-1837), Italian poet, scholar, and philosopher whose works, including his superb lyric poetry, place him among the great writers of the 19th century. (Enc. Br.) a 29:805

Leosthenes a character – a captain of Syrian army – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune. a 6:333, 396, 399, 405, 407, 410, 413, 426, 435, 442-43, 455, 461-62, 464, 466

Lesbia name used by the Roman lyric poet Catullus in his most memorable poems to address his beloved, probably Clodia. The name recalls SAPPHO of Lesbos. (Col. Enc., under Catullus) a g:411

Lesbian of Lesbos, an island in the Aegean Sea off western Turkey, but belonging to Greece. It is the largest island, after Crete and Euboea, in the Aegean. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) Q 6:378

Letherbridge, Sir Roper (1840-1919), English official in the Bengal Education Service from 1868 to 1876 (probably Principal of Krishna- gar College around 1870), Press Commis- sioner in the Government of India (1877-80), and an M. P. (1885.1886-91). He was author of several books, and also translated some books, n 1:503

Lethe in Greek mythology, a river in Hades, producing forgetfulness of the past. The dead drank from Lethe upon their arrival in the underworld, and souls who were being re- incarnated drank of its water upon their departure for the world of the living. (Col. Enc.) a 5:18, 21

Leto (Latin "Latona") the daughter of a Titan, and loved by Zeus. Hera, jealous of her, sent the serpent Python to persecute her during her pregnancy. Leto wandered about the earth until Zeus fastened the floating island of Delos to the bottom of the sea as a resting-place for her. Here she gave birth to Apollo and Artemis. (Ox. Comp.) n II: 26

Letters Letters of Sri Aurobindo (First, Second and Fourth Series) published by Sri Aurobindo Circle, Bombay, the First Series in 1947, the Second in 1949, and the Fourth in 1951. (The Third Series was "On Poetry and Literature", and was published in 1949.) (I&G) a 22:485

The Letters ofD. H. Lawrence a book (1932) edited by Aldous Huxley. (Col. Enc.) 0 9:539

Letters on Yoga a collection of extracts from letters written by Sri Aurobindo to his disciples, published as Volumes 22, 23 and 24 of the Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library (1972). (A) a 26:108, 387 27:413

Lever, Mr. a person who, in a case of defamation in England, got his damages from the Harmsworth Trust and not from the actual libeller. (A) a 1:553

Levite member of a religious caste, among the ancient Hebrews; descendant ofLevi, son of Jacob. In the Gospel according to Luke (10.32), a Levite passed by a traveller who had been wounded and robbed. Later a good Samaritan came and tended the traveller. (Col. Enc.; Bible; Concord.) a 1:347

Liakat (Hossain) See Leakat Hussain, Moulvi

Libanius (fl. 4th cent.), one of the two leading figures in the history of ancient education (the other was Themistius). Libanius was a famous Greek rhetorician who conducted a celebrated school in his native Antioch. In his writings he gives scarcely a hint of the existence of such things as the Latin language or Christianity, both of which he would have considered barbarous. (Enc. Am.) D 16:365

Liberal (Party) in Great Britain, the political party that emerged in the mid-19th century as the successor to the historic Whig party. It is characterized by certain attitudes rather than a precise ideology, including trust in rationality, faith in the idea of progress, attachment to individualism, emphasis on human rights, and concern for under- privileged groups. The period 1906-15, during which the foundations of the welfare state were laid, was the last during which the Liberals held power alone. (Enc. Br.) Der: Liberalism; Liberaldom a i: 16, 143, 176-77, 201-02, 283, 323, 350, 367, 384, 409, 417, 419, 447-48, 503, 565, 573-74, 637, 708, 849 2: 23, 27, 30-31, 53-56, 101, 123, 234, 237, 253, 267, 269-72, 286, 298-99, 302, 306, 326, 332, 374, 379-80, 393-95, 422 4: 205-06, 212-14. 221. 233, 248 27:4, 17, 26, 33, 54 11:84

Liberator The Liberator, an international journal edited and published from Paris by Edward Holton James, an American propagandist. More than half of its inaugural issue (c. 1910) was devoted to India. It was given a warm welcome by Shyamji Krishnavarma, who applauded Mr. James’ writings and activities in nearly every issue of his Indian Sociologist. (Shyamji, pp. 280 and 298) a XIX: 29

Libya in ancient times the Greek name for the continent of Africa. Presently Libya is the name of a socialist republic state (formerly an Italian possession) on the north shore of Africa on the Mediterranean Sea. (M.I.;O.C1.D.) n 5:420 8:411

Liege name of a province and its capital, in eastern Belgium, bordering West Germany on the east. Surrounded by twelve forts, the city of Liege was considered in 1914 to be the most formidable fortified position in Europe. Assault by Germany began on 5 August 1914; by the seventh (eighth?) the city was taken. Bombardment of the forts by special German siege guns began on 12 August. By the sixteenth, after the Belgian defence surrendered, all the twelve forts had been destroyed. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

The Life Divine 1. name of a commentary on the Isha Upanishad which Sri Aurobindo worked on between 1912 and 1914. 2. the philosophical magnum opus of Sri Aurobindo, which first appeared serially in Arya from August 1914 to January 1919. This work was in a way an outgrowth of the earlier commentary. In book-form The Life Divine first came out in 1939 (Book One) and 1940 (Book Two, in two parts). (A&R.VI: 205; I &G) n 17:401 22:44, 122. 126, 208, 485 24: 1626 26: 85, 99, 246, 385 27: 377 29: 753, 792 XVII: 70 XX: 133

The Life Heavens a poem in a new metre by Sri Aurobindo, composed on 15 November 1933. (A) a 5:579 22:387 26:275-76, 294

Life-Literature-Yoga a compilation (1952) of letters that were written by Sri Aurobindo during the 1930s and 1940s. They were reprinted from the journal Mother India. (I&G) n 29:785

Life of Garibaldi a book by Bent; Sri Aurobindo speaks of it as being crammed full of facts and very tedious reading. (A) D XVII: 64

The Life of Sri Aurobindo a book by A. B. Purani, first published in 1958. The fourth edition (fully revised and enlarged) was brought out in 1978. D II: 28

Light a journal of Punjab, a contemporary of Bande Mataram. (A) n 1:131, 194

Light Brigade The allusion is to an English cavalry brigade in the Crimean War, whose heroism was made famous by Tennyson in his poem The Charge of the Light Brigade (1855) written as part of his duties as laureate. (Col. Enc.) a 1: 160

Lights on Yoga a book containing extracts from Sri Aurobindo’s letters to his disciples, first published in 1935. (I&G) a 22:99 26: 108, 369.371 IV: 192

Light to Superlight a book published in 1972 by the Prabartak Sangh of Chandernagore. It contains-26 letters from Sri Aurobindo, one of them to Anandarao and the rest to Motilal Roy, and, as an appendix, Sapta- Chatushtaya (incomplete). All these writings in a complete form and with editorial re- visions are included in Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library, Vol. 27. (I & G) D 27:349, 417

Lila a proposed character – daughter of Hooshka – mentioned in the Dramatis Personae of The Prince of Mathura, an incomplete play by Sri Aurobindo. D 7:891

Lilliputian The reference is to the diminutive natives of Lilliput in Gulliver’s Travels. The word has since come to be used for any diminutive person or thing. (C.O.D.) n 1: 144

Limber Horses title of a poem published in The New Statesman and the Nation, perhaps in 1932. (A) D 9: 444

Limpopo a river in southeast Africa. It rises as the Crocodile River in the Witwatersrand, South Africa, and flows on a semicircular course for about 1000 miles to the Indian Ocean. It is known as the Limpopo after it is joined by the Marico River. (Enc. Br.) a in: 30

Lincoln, Abraham (1809-65), 16th President (1861-65) of the United States of America. He preserved the Union during the American Civil War and brought about the emancipation of the slaves. (Enc. Br.) D 14:66

The Line of Raghu See Raghuvamsha

Lion the 5th sign of the zodiac, known as Simha in Hindu astronomy, and a constellation (in Latin: Leo) lying between Cancer and Virgo. (A; Enc. Br.) 0 17:257-58, 260

Lionel a character participating in "A Dialogue" (incomplete) which Sri Aurobindo wrote around 1891. (A & R, II) a II: 5

The Listener a magazine founded by the British Broadcasting Company in 1929 to reprint radio talks. (Enc. Br.) D 22:203

Listeners The Listeners, a poem (1912) by Walter de la Mare. (Ox. Comp.) a 9:356

Literary History of India title of a book (1898) by Robert Watson Frazer. See also History of Indian Literature. (Enc. Ind.) a 27:355

Lithuania former country in northeast Europe. Since 1940 it has been a constituent republic of the U.S.S.R. It lies on the Baltic Sea, bounded on the north by the Latvian S.S.R., on the east and south by the Belo- russian S.S.R., and on the southeast by the Russian S.F.S.R. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) n 15:51’2

Lithuanian perhaps the most archaic European language. A Lithuanian literary language has been in existence since the sixteenth century. Used solely for writings of a religious character, it differs in many

respects from modern Lithuanian, an East Baltic language most closely related to Latvian and spoken primarily in Lithuania (presently {he Lithuanian S.S.R.) by over two and a half million people. (Enc. Br.) D 15:496

Little Brothers of the Poor a small associa- tion, mainly of the young men of Barisal Brajmohan College, Bengal, started about the beginning of the 20th century by Aswini Kumar Dutt to serve and nurse the sick and undertake other philanthropic activities. This seed later grew into the Swadesh Bandhab Samiti. (A) n 2:88-89

Littleton one of the fictional characters in the dialogue "Littleton-Percival". The name may be a recollection of a certain Francis Littlewood, one of Sri Aurobindo’s fellow- students in England, who shortly after pas- sing the I.C.S. final examination (at the same time as Sri Aurobindo: in 1892) perished when the ship that was taking him to India sank. a 3:486-88

Liverpool second largest seaport (after London) of England and the United King- dom, on the Mersey near its mouth. It is a great industrial city and one of the world’s leading trade centres. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 1:18, 293-94, 388, 879 17: 181

Livy (59or64BC-AD 17), one of the three great Roman historians (the other two being Sallust and Tacitus). He wrote a history of Rome that established itself as a classic in his own lifetime and exercised a profound influence on the style and philosophy of historical writing down to the 18th century. (Enc. Br.) a i: 8

Lloyd George David Lloyd George (1863-1945), 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, British prime minister (1916-22), who dominated the British political scene in the latter part of World War I and in the postwar period and laid the foundations for the modern welfare state. Having a long parliamentary career (1890-1922), he re- signed from political life in 1922 during the English-Turkish crisis and thenceforth suffered criticism from both the Liberals and the Conservatives. (Enc. Br.) a 2:298 4:156, 212-13, 215, 218 15:609 25:106-07

Locke, John (1632-1704), political and educational philosopher who laid the epistemological foundations of modern science. As a philosopher, Locke has been considered a leader of the English sensational school, but this classification by no means does justice to his many-sidedness as a thinker, and the term "sensationalism" is inadequate to represent either his speculative inquiries or those less definable meditations which led him to search the field of ethics and spiritual laws in an endeavour to assign the relations and functions of these in the world of practical politics and that of instituted religion. (Enc. Br.; Enc. Am.) D XIV: 164

Locrian See Locris

Locrine a proposed character – a son of Brutus and prince of Leogrys – listed in the Dramatis Personae of The House of Brut, an incomplete play by Sri Aurobindo. D 7:883

Locris in Sri Aurobindo’s Ilion, Eastern or Opuntian Locris, an ancient region of central Greece situated on the coast north of Boeotia opposite the island of Euboea. Ajax the Lesser was the leader of the Locrian forces against Troy. (M.I.) Der: Locrian a 5:404-05. 407. 436, 442, 459, 469-70, 477-78, 480-81, 484

Lodge, Sir Oliver Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge (1851-1940), English physicist, knighted in 1902. After 1910 he became prominent in psychic research, believing strongly in the possibility of communicating with the dead. He was involved in a serious endeavour to reconcile science and religion. (Enc. Br.) n 22:215

Loghman one of the local officials who dealt with the Hindu-Muslim riots at Jamalpur and Dewangunj in 1907. (A) a 1:331

Lokanatha an epithet of many gods, meaning "Lord of the Universe", used here perhaps as the name of a hill or of some shrine on it. (M.W.) D 6:301, 320

Lokarahasya a collection (1874) of eighteen articles by Bankim Chandra (mostly satire and wit) published in his monthly Bangadarshan. (B.R.-II) a 17:346

Lolita’ in Hindu mythology, a nymph of heaven, a 5:190

Lolita2 name of one of the companions of Radha. a 8:280-81

Lolit Babu one of the persons (a Bengali) whom Sri Aurobindo met at Srinagar during his visit to Kashmir in 1903. (A) a IV: 195

Lomaharsana in the Mahabharata, father of SUTA and a member of the court of Yudhi- shthira. He was, according to tradition, the bard or panegyrist who first chanted the Puranas. (Pur. Enc.; Dow.) a 4:53

Lombardy region of northern Italy, ex- tending from the Swiss border to the Po and from the Ticino

 to the Minico River. The region was once the centre of the kingdom of the Lombards, after whom it was named. It remained under Austrian rule from 1713 to 1796. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) a 1:311, 505

London capital of the United Kingdom and the centre of the Commonwealth of Nations, on both sides of the Thames at the head of tidewater. It is the country’s largest port and industrial complex as well as its principal financial, commercial, and industrial centre. (Enc. Br.) Der: Londoner a l: 32, 190, 343, 365, 387-88, 465, 499, 544 2: 22.29, 76-77, 97, 112, 121, 160. 170-71, 346, 375, 385.394 3: 69, 455 4: 82, 177, 201-02, 248 5: 110 7: 1013, 1016 14: 9, 64 15: 80, 88, 265 17: 181, 295, 321-22 26: 1-2, 4-6, 81, 352, 367, 387 27: 25-26, 30-31, 33, 60 II: 18, 87 V: 100 XIV: 162-63 XVII: 66

Londonderry a city and county borough in northern Ireland. (Enc. Br.) D XXII: 127

London Nocturne title of a poem by Henry Ruffy. published in the American journal Poetry, that was quoted from or reproduced in the second number of Shama’a. Sri Aurobindo commented upon this poem at some length in his review of Shama’a in Arya. (A) n 17:321

(London) Times The Times of London, newspaper started by John Walter in 1785 under the name Daily Universal Register, and formally designated The Times in 1788. In 1906 the control of the paper was secured by Alfred Harmsworth. In January 1981 it was purchased by the international publishing tycoon, Rupert Murdoch. (Enc. Br.; The Hindu ofc. 20 January 1981) D 1:152-53.174, 242, 365-66, 499-500 2:121 26: 246 27: 60-61

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-82), the most popular of American poets in the 19th century. He was besides, a professor of modern languages, having command of some ten languages. He was a national figure and his work was read all over the world. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 5: 345-46, 376-78, 380-82 9:398, 478 II: 27

Longuemare, Father a character – a pious priest – in Anatole France’s Les Dieux ont soif. (A) a 9: 557

Lopamudra name of a girl mentioned in the Veda. It is said that the sage Agastya formed her from the most graceful parts of different animals (the eyes of a deer etc.) and secretly introduced her into the palace of the king of Vidarbha, where she was believed to be the daughter of the king. Agastya had made this girl with the object of having a wife after his own heart. When she was marriageable, he demanded her hand, and the king was obliged to yield. (Dow.) n 17:278 XV: 53

Lords, House of or Upper House (known in Bengali as Jamidar Sabha), the upper chamber of Great Britain’s bicameral legislature. The powers of the modern House of Lords are extremely limited, but it is argued that it serves a valuable function by providing a national forum of debate free from the constraints of party discipline. The total number of persons qualified to sit in the House of Lords is upwards of 1, 000. (Enc. Br.) n 1:575, 862-63 2:253-54, 267-70, 272, 298-300, 393 4: 212-13 XXII: 133

Lords of the Flame according to theosophy, Adepts from Venus, transferred to our earth in order to assist in the specially busy time just before the "closing of the door", in the middle of the fourth root-race. They are said to have produced a wonderful effect upon our evolution, and that a few still remain to hold the highest offices of the Great White Brotherhood (see White Lodges) until the time when men of our own evolution shall have risen to such a height as to be capable of relieving these august visitors. (Theos., pp. 15 and 58) i-i XIII: 33

Lorenzo di Medici (1449-92), Italian merchant prince, called Lorenzoil Magnifico. He was the virtual ruler of Florence. One of the towering figures of the Italian Renaissance, he was an astute politician, a patron of the arts, literature and learning, and a reputable scholar and poet. (Col. Enc.) a 14: 192

Lorraine historic region of Europe, now part of northeastern France. Its position between France and Germany has made it share in the history of both countries. (Enc. Br.) a 15: 512

Loti, Pierre pen-name of Louis-Marie-Julien Viauc (1850-1923), French novelist, an officer in the French Navy. His novels, which were very popular, excel in accurate, exotic description, though imbued with a Romantic pessimism. (Col. Enc.) D 17: 403-04

Lotos-Eaters a poem by Tennyson that first came out in 1832. It has become an English classic. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 9:137, 173

Lotus and Dagger a secret society of Indian students in London of which Sri Aurobindo became a member along with his brothers shortly before his return to India, i.e. between October 1892 and January 1893. The society, however, was still-born. (Purani;Auro-I;A) a 26:4

Louis IX (1214-70), King of France (1226- 70), canonized as St. Louis. He was the most popular of the Capetian monarchs and one of the most celebrated figures of medieval history. In 1248 he led the Sixth Crusade to the Holy Land. In 1270 he embarked on another crusade to Tunisia, where he died. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Louis XII (1462-1515), King of France (1498-1515). He was noted for his disastrous Italian wars and his domestic popularity. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Louis XIII (1601 -43), King of France from 1610 to 1643. (Col. Enc.) n 16:324

Louis XIV (1638-1715), King of France from 1643 to 1715. His reign not only marked the apogee of the monarchial idea in politics, but also was a golden age for the arts. The glory and prestige of Louis XIV earned him the name of the Sun King. The king identified with his office to such an extent that it is difficult to find the individual. The phrase that characterised his reign was the royal "L’etat, c’est moi" ("I am the state"). (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.; Enc. Am.) a 1:246, 435 3:224, 454 15:357, 421 16:324 111:28

Louis XVI (1754-93), King of France, grandson of Louis XV whom he succeeded in 1774. His character was unsuited for the exercise of the strong government which France needed in that critical time. (Col. Enc.) a 1:336.420 16:324

Louis, Sir See Dane, Sir Louis

Louis Napoleon Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, or Napoleon III (1808-73), Emperor of France (1852-70). He gave his country two decades of prosperity under a stable, authoritarian government, and revived its prestige in Europe, but finally led it to defeat in the Franco-German War (1870-71). (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 3:480 4:215

Lourdes name of a person whose illness, in its progressive stages, was seen by Sri Aurobindo with his power of [rikaladrsti (direct knowledge of the past, present and future). (A) 1-1 XIX: 50

Love and Death one of Sri Aurobindo’s longer poems written in June-July 1899 and first published in 1921. The powerful influence of Marpessa and Christ in Hades, which he read at the age of seventeen,

was worked out in this poem. The central idea of the narrative is taken from the story of Ruru and Pramadvara told in the Mahabharata. (A;I&G) D 5:258 26:254, 256, 264-68, 270-71, 273-74, 276, 311

Lowes, Livingstone John Livingstone Lowes, an English critic whose most famous books are: Convention and Revolt in Poetry and TheRoadtoXanadu. a 9:442

Loxias an epithet of Apollo meaning "crooked" or "ambiguous". Apollo was the god who interpreted the will of Zeus to men, but his prophecies were often cryptic and misunderstood. (M.I.) a 5:454

Loyola, St. Ignatius (1491-1556) of Spain; one of the most influential figures in the Counter-Reformation of the 16th century, the founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). (Enc. Br.). o 22:417

Lucan Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (AD 39- 65), Latin poet, a Republican patriot who was forced to kill himself when his part in a plot against Emperor Nero was discovered. His poetry has a kind of vigorous beauty and grandeur which gave him a high place in the esteem of later writers. (Col. Enc.) D 9:387

Lucifer 1. in classical mythology, the planet Venus as the morning star, personified as a male figure bearing a torch. He had almost no legends, but in poetry he was often herald of the dawn. In Christian times Lucifer came to be regarded as the name of Satan before his fall. It was thus used by Milton in Paradise Lost. 2. a character – the Angel of Power - in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Birth of Sin. (Enc.Br.;A) o 5:69-72, 587 7:901, 903-05

Lucifer Lucifer in Starlight, a sonnet by George Meredith. (A) a 26:264

Lucknow an important city of U.P., on the River Gomti. It is the capital of the state of Uttar Pradesh, formerly known as the United Provinces (ofAgra and Avadh). a 1:891

Lucrece The Rape ofLucrece (1594), one of the principal poems of Shakespeare, which he dedicated to his patron Henry Wriothes- ley. (Ox. Comp.) n 3:252

Lucretius’ (c. 99 – c. 55 BC) , Latin poet and philosopher. His one great didactic work De Rerum Natura sets forth, in hexameter verse, arguments founded upon the philosophical ideas of Democritus and Epicurus. "Lucre- tius’ work lives only, in spite of the majestic energy behind it, by its splendid digressions into pure poetry" (9:32). (Col. Enc.) Der: Lucretian D 9:32, 82, 212, 320, 479, 521 13:

198 26:262 29:800, 815

Lucretius2 the main figure of the dramatic monologue Luctretius (1868) by Alfred Tennyson. (Enc. Br.) D 14:386

Ludwig (often known in English as Lewis); either Ludwig I, King of Bavaria from 1825 to 1848, or Ludwig II, King of Bavaria from 1864 to 1886. Ludwig I is best known as an outstanding patron of the arts, who trans- formed Munich into the artistic centre of Germany. Ludwig II was talented, liberal and romantic, but of an eccentricity border- ing on madness; he died insane. He was a patron of WAGNER. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) n 3:264 X:147

Luilla name of a girl in Sri Aurobindo’s story "The Golden Bird", a 7:1052-54

Luke Walter a character in Sri Aurobindo’s story "The Devil’s Mastiff, a 7:1047-49, 1051

Lunar dynasty (CHANDRA VANSA) in pre-historic India, the lineage or race of Kshatriyas which claims descent from the Moon. It is divided into two great branches, the Yadavas and the Pauravas, descended respectively from Yadu and Puru. Krishna belonged to the line of Yadu, and Dushyanta with the Kuru and Pandu princes to the line of Puru. (Dow.) a 10:34 27:152

Lunar World See Chandraloka

Luther, Martin (1483-1546) of Germany, biblical scholar, linguist, and founder of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. In Germany, his socio-religious concepts laid a new basis for German society. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 14:191 XIV: 127

Luxman See Lakshmana

Luxmie See Lakshmi

Lyceum Club club named after Lyceum, the Athenian school established by Aristotle in 335 BC in a grove sacred to Apollo Lyceius. (Enc.Br.) D 2:29

Lycia an ancient district of southern Asia Minor, a mountainous coastal region bounded on the northwest by Caria. In the Trojan War the Lycians under the command of Sarpedon (who has already been slain in Ilion) were allies of Troy. (M.I.) Der: Lycian a 5:393.405-06, 418, 461, 514

Lycidas pastoral elegy by John Milton, written in November 1637 on the occasion of the death of Edward King, his college friend. The poem is considered one of the finest poems of its kind in English. (Ene. Br.) a 9:522 26:246, 258-60 29:792, 797-98

Lycomedes in Greek legend, a king of SCYROS to whose court Achilles was sent by his mother Thetis to hide among the women, in a vain attempt to prevent his being slain in the Trojan War, a fate ordained for

him by the gods. There he was found, however, by Odysseus and enlisted to join the Greeks against Troy.

(M.I.) n 5:489

Lycurgus traditional name of the reformer of the Spartan constitution. According to a standard hypothesis he lived in the 7th century BC. He led a reform in the government and in the city’s social system to establish a machine of war which would preclude trouble from the helots and other subjects. Lycurgus may be mythical. (Col. Enc.) Der: Lycurgan D 15:405, 425 27:279

Lyra a small northern constellation between Hercules and Cygnus. It contains a star of the first magnitude and two stars of the third magnitude. (Enc. Br.) a 12:475 27:262, 333

Lyrical Ballads a collection of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge of which the first edition appeared in 1798, the second with new poems and a preface in 1800, and the third in 1802. (Ox. Comp.) a i: 9

Lysander (d. 395 BC-), military and political leader who won the final victory for Sparta in the Peloponnesian War and wielded great power throughout Greece at its close. Nothing is known of his early career. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct.'27]

M

M 1. In SABCL (Vol. 27, pp. 426-98), used for Motilal Roy. 2. In the Record of Yoga, mostly used for Moni, i.e., Suresh Chandra Chakravarti; only at one or two places used for Motilal Roy or the Mother.

M., Dr. Dr. Manila! Lallubhai Parekh (1885-1957) of Baroda. He was a regular visitor to the Ashram from August 1931, and was one of the doctors who attended on Sri Aurobindo after the accident to his leg in November 1938. Dr. Manilal also parti- cipated in the conversations which Sri Aurobindo had with his attendants. These conversations, as recorded by Dr. Nirod-baran, have since been published in Mother India (from August 1960) as "Talks with Sri Aurobindo". [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Maagadh relating to (or born or living in) the country known as MAGADHA, or that which is customary

 among the Magadhas. n 8: 42-43, 47 , ’50, 52, 58

Macaulay’, Thomas Babington (1800-59), English historian, parliamentarian (a Whig orator) and author. His Lays of Ancient Rome (1842) made him a popular poet, but he never attained major rank. Macaulay was Law Member of the Indian Supreme Council (1834-38). In his Minute on Education of 1835 he claimed that "a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia", and that because "we have to educate a people who at present cannot be educated by means of their mother tongue", the English lan- guage and English literature should be the basis of education in India. (Col. Enc.; Gilbert, p. 132) o l: 50, 176 3:108 9:19, 474 26:6

Macaulay2 a certain superior of Bankim Chandra Chatterji in Government service. (A) n 3:85

Macbeth principal character – a general of King Duncan’s army – in Shakespeare’s tragedy of the same name. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth murders Duncan and becomes king. He also has assassins eliminate other innocent people, but ultimately is slain by his enemies. Historically, Macbeth was King of Scotland from 1040 to 1057. (Shakes.) a 3:302, 306 9:303, 333 17:96 22:469 26:332 1:40

Macbeth a tragedy by Shakespeare, belonging to the third group of his plays (1601-09), first performed in 1605-06. It is one of the most poetic of Shakespeare’s tragedies. See also the previous entry. (Enc. Br.) n 9:72, 169 12:41

MacCabe Chief Engineer of the Calcutta Corporation around 1906. (A) a 1:194

MacDonald, Ramsay James Ramsay MacDonald (1866-1937). British statesman, first Labour Party Prime Minister of England in 1924 and again from 1929 to 1931 and in the national coalition Government of 1931- 35. He joined the Labour Party in 1894 and became its leader in 1911. First elected to the Parliament in 1906, he came to India on a tour in 1909, at which time he met Sri Aurobindo. (Enc. Br.) D 2:285-86 4:206, 220-21, 225

Macdonnell, Sir Antony Antony Patrick Macdonnell (1844-1925), British Government administrator. He entered the I.C.S. in 1865, and was recalled to England in 1902 to

become Under-Secretary of State for Ireland. He served in that capacity until his resigna- tion in 1908, in which year he was raised to the peerage. (Enc. Am.) Q 1:367

Macedon(ia) Macedon was an ancient country north of Thessaly and bordering on the northwestern Aegean, not originally a part of Greece. Modern Macedonia is the central part of the Balkan Peninsula lying astride the frontiers of southern Yugoslavia (Serbia until 1918), northern Greece and northwestern Bulgaria (both since 1913). (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.; M.I.) Der: Mace- donian a 2:168-69 3:10, 199, 265 5:419 6:349-50, 399, 418-19, 421.429, 431-32 10:555 14:328 15:287, 343, 367 16:90 27:485 11:7 111:22 VI: 164 X:148 XX: 147-48 XXI: 2

Machiavelli, Nicolo (1469-1527), Italian writer, statesman, Florentine patriot and original political theorist whose acute psychological observations brought him a reputation of amoral cynicism. He is the author of // principe (see "Prince, the") in which unscrupulous statecraft is advocated. The word "Machiavel" has come to mean unscrupulous schemer, one who practises duplicity in statecraft. (Enc. Br.; C.O.D.) Der: Machiavel; Machiavellian; Machia- vellianism a 1:158, 288, 579, 631, 722, 742, 834 2:162-65, 167, 243, 333 3: 480 14: 170, 328, 374 27: 52 I: 7 III: 7

Mackamess a Liberal who in 1909 intro- duced a bill in the British Parliament to amend the Regulation of 1818 and safeguard the liberties of the subjects in India. He also carried on an energetic campaign in the Parliament for the release of the deportees. (A) n 1:420 2:53-56.79, 161, 170, 234

Mackenzie, Alexander (1842-1902), Lt. Governor of Bengal (Dec. 1895-April 1898). He joined the I.C.S. in 1862. He took the initiative in implementing the constitu- tion of the Calcutta Corporation, a 2: 203

Macmillan’s Magazine a representative British literary magazine published from 1859 to 1907. (H.L., p.262) n 27:352

Macpherson, James (1736-96), Scottish poet whose initiation of the Ossianic controversy has obscured his genuine contribution to Gaelic studies. See also Ossian controversy. (Enc.Br.) a n: ll, l8

McTaggart John McTaggart Ellis (1866- 1925), British Hegelian philosopher. (Enc. Br.) D 23: 770-75

Madame Bovary the chief character in a French novel (1857) of the same name, written by Gustave Flaubert (1821-80). The novel is a realistic picture of small-town bourgeois life. (Ox. Comp.) n 3:307

Madan See Kama(deva)

Madan Mohan See Malaviya, Madan Mohan

Madanpalli This is apparently a misreading of the manuscript where some letters of the word are illegible. (Madanpalli is a town in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, not in the former French territory.) The word may be "Mudrapallian". a hamlet in Thattanchavadi village, adjacent to the town of Pondicherry on the road to Madras. (S.L.R.) a 27: 449

Madgodkar a Marathi merchant from whom Sri Aurobindo expected money at Pondi- cherry in 1913(?). (L.toSl.) a 27: 432

Madhai See Jagai (and) Madhai

Madhava’ a name of Krishna or Vishnu. (Dow.) l-l [Indexed with Krishna]

Madhava2 See Madhva II: 67

Madhavasen(a) in Kalidasa’s drama Mdlavikagnimitram, Agnimitra’s cousin (father’s brother’s son). (A) Var: Madhavsena n 8:144 X: 116, 124

Madhavdas a saint living at Malsar on the banks of the Narmada. Sri Aurobindo denied having had any contact with him during his stayatBaroda. (A) a 26:19

Madhavrao Madhavrao Jadhav, brother of Khaserao Jadhav and an intimate friend of Sri Aurobindo’s. (A) n I: 70, 72

Madhavsena See Madhavasen(a)

Madhavya a character – the Vidusaka – in Kalidasa’s drama Abhijndna Sakuntalam. (M.W.) D X: 175

Madh(o)u in Hindu mythology, one of the two horrible Daitya brothers slain by Vishnu. 5eeKaitabh(a). (Dow.) D 3:201 8:43, 325-26.343, 352-54, 405 12: 416

Madhuchchhandas (Vaishwamitra) a Vedic Rishi, the reputed author of the first ten hymns of the Rig-veda. According to the Aitareya Brahmana he was the fifty-first son of Visvamitra. (V. Index) Var: Madhuchchhanda(s) Vaisvamitra or Vaiswamitri a 10:56, 65-66, 75, 80, 90, 94-96, 113, 119-20, -128, 134, 137-38, 249-50, 253, 457, 492. 495-96, 501 11: 39, 439, 459 II: 35, 37 XIV: 133 XV: 3-4, 7, 11, 14, 30-31, 39-44, 48 XVI: 146-47, 156, 158-59, 161, 165, 169-70, 176, 178 XVII: 14-15, 18-19, 32, 50, 56-60

Madhura-Kavi a Vaishnava bhakta and poet of South India, a disciple of Nammalwar. He is counted among the twelve Alwars, although

he himself did not sing of the Divine but composed only ten stanzas about his guru. a 17:373-74

Madhus(h)udan "slayer of the Daitya Madhu"; an epithet of Vishnu and also of Krishna who is looked upon as a full mani- festation of Vishnu. (Dow.) D [Indexed with Krishna]

Madhusudan (Dutt) See Dutt, (Michael) Madhusudan

Madhva (c. 1199 – c. 1278), Hindu philo- sopher and religious teacher, exponent of Dwaita (Dualism). He was a worshipper of Vishnu. (Enc. Br.) Var: Madhwa; Madhava (II: 67-a misspelling) a l: 714 3: 214 4: 43 14: 21, 132, 308 16: 342 22: 93 26: 135 27: 304 U: 67 IV: 168 VIII: 185 XIV: 139

Madhyamika an important school in the Mahayana Buddhist tradition. It takes its name "intermediate" from the fact that it sought a middle position between the realism of Sarvastivada (All Exists) and the idealism of the Yogacara (Mind Only) schools. The most renowned Madhyamika thinker was Nagarjuna (2nd cent. AD), who developed the doctrine that all is void (Sunya-vada). (Enc. Br.) a 27: 341 IV: 166

Madra name of an ancient country and its people in northwestern India, mentioned in the Mahabaharata. The territory extended from the River Beas to the Chenab or perhaps as far as the Jhelum. Savitri’s father Asvapati was king of this country. (Dow.; M.N.) Der: Madran a 3:191, 193 29:402, 417, 466, 719

Madras a city created by the English in India. The Presidency of Madras, of which the city of Madras was the capital, extended over the whole of the eastern coast of India from the Orissa frontier to Cape Comorin. In independent India, as a result of the reorganization of the states on a linguistic basis in 1956, the "state" of Madras was confined to the Tamil-speaking area and renamed Tamil Nadu, with the city of Madras continuing as its capital. Madras played an important part in the history of the Congress, and was the venue of its annual session as many as seven times. (D.I.H.) Der: Madras! a 1:112, 193, 195, 223, 227, 262, 338, 359, 363, 434, 475, 482, 498, 572, 591, 593, 617, 675-76, 678, 681, 687, 715, 725-26, 742, 745, 761, 778, 793, 796-97, 802, 805, 815, 817 2: 76, 80, 102, 121, 128, 152, 176, 178, 244, 246, 295, 309, 329-30 3: 98, 328 4: 140, 179, 186, 190-91, 199, 203, 225, 238, 268, 283, 296 17: 291 22: 166 24: 1388 26: 40, 60, 168, 365, 393, 410, 429, 506 27:35, 40-42, 54, 59, 120, 426, 431-32, 439, 449, 469, 477, 500-01 X: 186 XV: 61 XIX: 25

(Madras) Mail English daily newspaper (founded in 1868) published from Madras. The Madras Times was later incorporated in it. (Cal.Lib.) a 1:865 26:377 (Madras) Standard English daily of Madras;

in 1917 it was purchased by Annie Besant who changed its name to New India. (V.V.S., p. 148) a 1: 192, 194, 363, 778

Madras Times Anglo-Indian (English) daily of Madras, founded in 1860. It was edited (c. 1911) by W. F. Grahame. (Cal. Lib.) a 27: 500-01

Madravatie in the Mahabharata, daughter of the king of Madra, second wife of Pandu, and mother of Nakula and Sahadeva. She was also known as Madrie (Madri). (Dow.; M.N.) a 3:207-08 8:59-60 IV: 115-16

Madrid capital of Spain and of Madrid province. It is the highest in altitude among European capitals, and is situated almost at the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. (Enc. Br.) a 7:862

Madrie See Madravatie

Madura a very ancient city of South India. It was the capital of the Pandya kingdom in the 1st century AD. Now called Madurai it still enjoys a reputation for cotton fabrics, and is also famous for its magnificent temples. (D.I.H.) a 14:213 17:373

Maecenas, Gaius Cilnius (c. 70 BC – 8 BC) , diplomat, counsellor to the Roman emperor Augustus, and patron of letters whose capacity for loyal friendship gave him considerable influence in early Imperial Rome. He was a patron and friend of Horace and Virgil. (Enc. Br.) D 5:562

Maeonides a name sometimes applied to Homer, either because Maeonia was an ancient name for Lydia where Homer was supposed to have been born, or because he was said to be the son of one Maeon. (O.C.C.L.) a 26:245 29:791, 807

Maeterlinck, Maurice (Polydore-Marie- Bernard) (1862-1949), Belgian Symbolist poet and playwright whose rhythmic prose dramas are the outstanding works of the Symbolist theatre. The most famous Belgian writer of his day, he wrote in French and won the 1911 Nobel Prize in literature. (Enc.Br.) a 9:7, 107