-16_Glossary and Index Page 165 to 179.htm

John (Dacre) a character – illegitimate son of Sir Gerald Curran by his sister-in-law Matilda Dacre – in Sri Aurobindo’s story "The Devil’s Mastiff", 7:1049-51

John (Lancaster) a character – Richard Lancaster’s brother – in Sri Aurobindo’s short story "The Door at Abelard".  7:1027, 1041-42, 1044-45

Johnson, Samuel (1709-84), English poet, essayist, critic, journalist, lexicographer, and conversationalist, regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English 18th-century life and letters. (Enc. Br.) Der:

Johnsonian; Johnsonianly  3: 231 9-. 317 16:265 29:744-45, 753 1:9-10 11:11, 14-17

Johnson, Lionel Lionel Pigot Johnson (1867-1902), English poet and critic, noted for his fastidious and wistful lyrical poems. He was a reader for a big publishing house to whom Sri Aurobindo’s poem Urvasie was sent. (Enc.Br.;A)  26:257

Jonaraja (c. 1389-1459), court poet of Kashmir. A scholar of Sanskrit literature, Jonaraja also studied history, astronomy, and medicine. He lived and wrote during the reign of Zainul-Abdin (1419-70), the famous Sultan of Kashmir, and at his in- stance composed Rdjatarangmi, an account of twenty-three kings of Kashmir in Sanskrit verse. (There is also another Rdjatarangini, an earlier work written by KALHANA.) This was Jonaraja’s last writing, which came to an abrupt end with his sudden death at the age of seventy. (J.R.; Gaz.II, p. xliv, according to which the year of death is 1434)  14:306

Jones, Dr. Stanley well-known Christian missionary, author of The Christ of the Indian Road.  26:138

Jones, Sir William (1746-94), British orientalist and jurist who greatly encouraged oriental studies in the West. He translated (1789) Kalidasa’s Shakuntala into English (^eeShakuntala2). (Enc. Br.)  27:163

Jonson, Ben (1572-1637), an Elizabethan poet and dramatist; he was the greatest English dramatist of his age after Shakes- peare, a fine lyric poet, and a vocal literary critic. (Enc. Br.)  9:68

Joruthcaru See Jarat-karu

Joseph’ Saint Joseph (fl. 1st cent. AD), a carpenter of Nazareth (now in Israel); in the New Testament he is Christ’s earthly father, the Virgin Mary’s husband, and in Roman Catholicism patron of the universal church. (Enc.Br.)  13:12  Joseph2 the chauffeur of the Mother’s car in the Ashram.

 It was, however, usually Pavitra who drove the car when the Mother used it.  9:555

Josephine (1763-1814), consort of Napoleon Bonaparte and empress of France (1804-09). In 1796 she was married, by a civil ceremony, to Napoleon, who bore her notorious indiscretions but had the marriage annulled in 1809 because of her alleged sterility. (Col. Enc.)  17:384

Jotindra Babu See Chaudhuri, Rai Jotindranath

Journal (des Debats) an official journal probably published from Pondicherry. (A)

.D 27:444

Jouveau-Dubreuil famous French historian and archaeologist who made South India his field of research. He was a contemporary of Sri Aurobindo in Pondicherry. Prof. Dubreuil found old documents in which there were indications of the location of a Vedic school in ancient times which had stood exactly where the new building of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram now stands; and according to the legends the original founder of the school was the sage Agastya. (M.I., Feb. 1982, p. 110)  17:302

Jove See Jupiter2

Joyce’, James Augustine (1882-1941), Irish novelist and commanding influence in 20th-century writing whose Ulysses is generally regarded as a masterpiece of world literature. (Enc.Br.)  26:153, 315

Joyce2 agent (c. 1910) of the Steamer Company to which the Kaligunge Mail steamer belonged. (A)  2:359

J.S.A.S.A. in full, Jeunesse Sportive de 1′Ashram de Sri Aurobindo (Youth Sports’ Association of Sri Aurobindo Ashram).  16:1, 9

Judaea SeeJudea

Judaeo-Christian Jewish Christian (O.E.D.)  15:15

Judah, Lion of a title borne by Haile Selassie of Ethiopia (see Sahavas/or details). Judah was one of the twelve tribes of Israel that in Biblical times comprised the Jewish people. This powerful and important tribe produced the great kings David and Solomon. (Enc.Br.) a 5:596

Judaic Jewish (C.O.D.)

D [Indexed with Jew]

Judaism the religious doctrines and rites of the Jews; the Jewish religious system or polity. The chief doctrine of Judaism is the belief in one God and in the mission of the Jews to teach the fatherhood of God, as revealed in the Hebrew scriptures. (Web.)  16: 364, 394 27: 286 1:31 XVI: 180

Judas (Iscariot) (died c. AD 30), one of the twelve Apostles, notorious for betraying Christ. Always the last on the list of the Apostles, he was their treasurer. He disclosed Christ’s whereabouts by selling the information to the chief priests and elders for 30 pieces of silver. (Enc. Br.) D 9:486 27:420

Judea or Judaea, Greco-Roman name of South Palestine. In the time of Christ it was both part of the province of Syria and a kingdom ruled by the Herods. It was the southernmost of the Roman divisions of Palestine; the others were Galilee, Samaria, and, east of the Jordan, Peraea. (Col. Enc.) 0 3:5 13:12 14:63, 402 15:342 17:130 27:268 VIII: 173, 176

Juggernaut corrupt English spelling of JAGANNATH, the name of a form of Krishna. The image of the deity at Puri, with the images of his brother Balarama and sister Subhadra, is taken out annually in a huge chariot which is drawn by the devotees in a procession. Based on an occasional accident or two, false reports that devotees threw themselves under the wheels of the chariot apparently were circulated in the West, and consequently the term Juggernaut came to acquire a figurative sense so as to mean "an institution or notion to which persons blindly sacrifice themselves or others". (Dow.; C.O.D., 6thed.) 17:322

Julia name of a spirit contacted by W. T. STEAD in his seances. (A) a 3: 397, 400

Julian’ Julian the Apostate (331/332-363), last Roman emperor (361-63) to attempt to replace Christianity by a revived polytheism of the Greco-Roman Pantheon. (Enc. Br.)  16:365

Julian2 a character participating in "A Dialogue" (incomplete) which was written by Sri Aurobindo apparently at Cambridge in 1891. (A&R, II) D ll:5-9

Julian Emperors the first emperors of Rome (coming after Julius Caesar), 3:69

Julia’s Bureau name of the agency established by W. T. STEAD for communicant  spirits. (A)  3:393

Juliet the heroine pf Shakespears’s first romantic tragedy Romeo and Juliet. For other details see Romeo. (Ox. Comp.)  VII: 49

(Julius) Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (100- 44 BC), Roman statesman and general, probably the most celebrated personality of ancient Rome, and one of the greatest generals in the history of the West. He was  extraordinarily versatile, excelling in war, politics, statesmanship, letters, oratory, and social grace. His conquests in Gaul and Britain and his defeat of Pompey in the Civil War (48 ac) paved the way for his adopted son Augustus to establish the empire. Ac- cording to tradition, Julius Caesar was assassinated at the foot of the statue of Pompey in the Roman Senate house. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) Der: Caesarian  1:35, 146, 412 3:27 4:156 5:484, 596 7:848, 857 9:394, 410 15:343 16:280, 284 17:83, 385 22:410, 414, 419, 496-97 24:1719 25:78 26:447 111:16 V:63 VI: 186 IX: 42, 45 X:113 XIII: 44

Julius Caesar Shakespeare’s tragedy, a literary classic on Caesar, notable for its insight into the effects of subtle shifts of fortune in a struggle for political power. It was composed in the Lyrical Period (from 1595 through 1600), and first performed in 1599/1600. (Enc.Br.)  3:186 9:426

Jumna See Yamuna

Jumnabai (1853-98), foster-mother of SAYAJIRAO III, Gaekwar of Baroda. Five years after the death of her husband Maharaja Khanderao, Gaekwar of Baroda (1856-70), she adopted Gopalrao (later Sayajirao III) as her son and proved an ideal foster-mother and a popular queen. The state hospital was named after her. (Sayaji.) 27:115

Junak SeeJanak(a)

Juno in Roman religion, chief goddess and female counterpart ofJupn-ER2, closely resembling the Greek Hera with whom she was universally identified. When used as a common noun, the word means "woman of stately beauty". (Enc. Br.; C.O.D.) 7:833

Jupiter’ the largest planet in the solar system, known as Brhaspati in Hindu astronomy; the fifth major planet from the sun. (Enc.Br.; Col. Enc.)  5:40 8:9, 175 10:306 17:257, 259

Jupiter2 in Roman religion, supreme god, also called Jove. He is identified with the Olympian god Zeus. (Col. Enc.) D 1:148 3:274 27:202 X: 156 XV: 11

Jupiter3 in Shelley’s lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound, the heavenly usurper who represents the tyranny of kings and evil institutions. (Ox. Comp.; R. Enc.) 1: 558

Juvenal Decimus Junius Juvenalis (b. AD 55-60?, d. in or after 127), most powerful of all Roman satiric poets. (Enc. Br.)  5:346 9:325, 387, 425

Jyaistha third month (generally May-June) of the year in the Hindu calendar. Var: Jyestha a 5:29 8:321

Jyotirmayee (c. 1902- ? ), a Bengali author from Chittagong, and a disciple of Sri Aurobindo who stayed in the Ashram for about ten years from c. 1932. During her stay here she brought out three Bengali books of novels and short stories. She also wrote some poems one of which was translated into English by Sri Aurobindo. a 8:391

Jyotishtoma name of a Soma ceremony (typical form of a whole class of ceremonies consisting originally of three, and later of four, five or seven subdivisions viz. Agnistoma, Ukthya, Atiratra, or in addition to these, Sodasin, Atyagnistoma, Vajapeyaand Aptoryama). (M. W.) a 12:441

K

K In some of the early letters from Pondicherry addressed to "M" (Motilal Roy of Chandernagore) Sri Aurobindo signed himself "K", instead of "Kali". (See Kali3) n 27: pre., 444, 454, 462, 468, 476, 478, 484

Kabandhi (Katyayana) a Rishi, son of Katya and a disciple of Pippalada.  12: 295

Kabir (1440-1518), a saint, and the fore- most mystic poet of Hindi. Hinduism was the background of his thought, but he was influenced greatly by Mohammedan Sufi saints and poets. Opposing vehemently the rituals and external formalities of both Islam and Hinduism, he preached a religion of love and devotion which would promote unity amongst all classes and creeds. (Enc. Br.; D.I.H.)  1:699 2:13 3:110 9:438 14: 129, 256, 319 IX:29

Kabyle Kabyles are tribesmen, predominantly agricultural, of North Africa, whose centre is the rugged Kabylia region of Algeria. They are Muslims of disputed origin, known.for their fierce resistance to the successive conquerors of the region. (Col. Enc.) a 2:169

Kadambari seventh-century Sanskrit "novel" by Banabhatta. It is a prose romance, involv- ing a narrative within a narrative related to a king by a parrot. Kadambari is remarkable for the freshness with which it deals with the emotion of love. Left unfinished by the author, it was completed by his son. It is a classic of Sanskrit literature. (Enc. Br., under "Bana")  XX: 126 XXI: 75

Kadi a large division and town in the former princely state of Baroda; the town is located about thirty miles northwest of Ahmedabad, in the present state of Gujarat. (A; S. Atlas)  27:113, 116

Kaga Maru name of the Japanese boat in which the Mother and Paul Richard sailed from France to India in March 1914. (Mother-1) n 25:436

Kaikeyi(e) in the Ramayana, a junior queen of Ayodhya, the most beloved of King Dasaratha; mother of BHARAT’. Urged by the misleading counsels of Manthara, a female attendant, she procured from Dasaratha the exile of Rama to promote the accession of her own son to the throne. (Dow.) Var: Kaikayi(e); Kekayie n 3:243, 428 8: 7, 21 9:318 27:104

Kailas(a) one of the highest and most rugged mountains of the Himalayan range, located in the southwestern part of China. It is an important holy site both to the Hindus, who identify it with the paradise of Shiva and also regard it as the abode of Kubera, and to the Tibetan Buddhists, who identify it with Mount Sumeru, cosmic centre of the uni- verse. In Ramacharitamanasa (Hindi Rama- yana, Balakanda, couplet No. 179) it is mentioned that Ravana, after having conquered Lanka and established his kingdom there, playfully lifted Kailasa in his arms without any effort as if to try his strength or just to make a show of it. (Enc. Br.) Var: Coilas(a)  2:121 4:288 5:224-25 7: 912, 958 8: 31 11: 453 17: 142 29: 425 II: 80

Kaiser a German title, equivalent to emperor, derived from the Roman title "Caesar", and first associated with the Germans from AD 962, when their kings became Holy Roman emperors. In 1871, Wilhelm I of Prussia assumed the title of  emperor (Kaiser) of Germany, a style distinct from the older German designation. - (Enc. Am.)  4:156 15:34, 444 17:326 26:388

Kaitabh(a) in Hindu mythology, one of the two horrible demons (the other was Madhu) who sprang from the ear of Vishnu while he was asleep at the end of a kalpa (a day of Brahma = 4320 million years of mortals). They were about to kill Brahma, when they were themselves killed by Vishnu. (Dow.;

M.W.)  8:325-26, 343, 352-54 12:416

Kaithal a subdivision of the former province. of Punjab in India under British rule; now a town in Karnal district of Haryana state. (Enc. Br.) a 2:180

Kaivatya Upanishad an Upanishad of the Krishna (Black) Yajurveda. (Up.K.) a 12:415

Kakshivan a Vedic Rishi, son of Dirghatamas and Usij, particularly connected with the worship of the Aswins. He is the author of several hymns in the Rig-veda. See a/wUshij. (Dow.; V. Index -1) Var:

Kakshiwan  10:522 11:34 V: 36 (incorrectly printed as "Kaleshwari") XVIII: 177

Kal a famous Marathi weekly, almost a one-man paper, started by S. M. Paranjape in 1898. The paper was prosecuted for sedition and its publication was stopped in 1910 when a security of  Rs 10.000/- was demanded. (D.N.B.-Ill, p. 312) a 27:62

Kalahasti name of a town in Chittoor district of the former province of Madras (now of Andhra Pradesh state), 55 miles northeast of the town of Chittoor. (Enc. Ind.) a 14:217

Kalaprakasika the standard book on the Election System in astrology by N. P. Subramania lyer. It is a treatise on the selection of the right time by astrological rule for undertaking any and every action of human life. It was printed and published in 1917 (as Astrological Series-1) at the Lawley Electric Printing Press, Tanjore. (A) 17:283

Kaleshwari Dairghatamasa a misreading of the manuscript for Kakshivan Dairgha- tamasa. See Kakshivan.  V: 36

Kalevala Finnish national epic (1835), com- ‘ piled by Elias Lonnrot from old Finnish bal- lads, lyrical songs, and incantations dealing with the extraordinary deeds of three semi- divine brothers of gigantic stature. (Enc. Br.) Var:Kalewala  26:234 XVII: 26

Kalhana (fl. c. 1148), chronicler of Kashmir, author of the Rajatarangini, a chronicle in Sanskrit of the 

kings of Kashmir, which he began in 1148 and completed in the following year. Kalhana lived up to his precept: "that virtuous poet (i.e. historian) alone is worthy of praise who, free from love or hatred, ever restricts his language to the exposition of fact". (Gaz.-II, p. xliv)  3:265 X: 147

Kali’ See Kali(yuga)

Kali2 (Kali), also known as Chandi (CandT). In Vedic days this name was associated with Agni, who had seven flickering tongues of flame for devouring oblation, one of which was the black or terrific tongue. This sense of the word is now lost, but the name has come to be applied to the goddess Kali, the fierce and bloody consort of Shiva, also called Rudrani. Kali is a fierce, terrifying aspect of Devi. She is depicted as hideous, smeared with blood, with bared teeth and protruding tongue, wearing a garland of skulls and a girdle of severed hands. She is often shown dancing on the inert body of Shiva. (Dow.; Enc. Br.) Der: Kalihood;

Kalibhava (or, Chandibhava) a 1:61, 66. 873 3: 295, 352, 354-56, 419-20, 423 4: 2, 7, 64, 101, 144, 153, 163 5:78-80, 140 8:323, 344 11: 454-55 12: 271, 512-13 13: 42, 366, 372, 375 14:137, 222 16:411, 415 17:59, 63-64, 85, 106, 131, 137, 143, 146, 157, 262, 378, 381-82 18: 78, 82 20: 365 21: 561, 575, 741 22: 199, 390 25: 75-76, 87 26: 19, 50, 69, 427 27: 364, 441, 468, 472 28:255 29:509, 535, 780 1:22, 41 III: 16 IV: 174 V: 69 VII: 9 IX: 40 X: 145 XII: 174 XVI: 134 XVIII: 132, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148 XIX: 3, 14-15, 21, 25, 40, 47, 52, 57-58, 62-64, 68, 80 XX: 114, 130, 136 XXI: 21, 23 XXII: 127, 169, 172

Kali’ In some letters from Pondicherry ad- dressed to "M" (Motilal Roy of Chandernagore), Sri Aurobindo signed himself "Kali". See also K. a 27: pre., 427, 430, 432, 435, 437, 439-41, 448, 473, 482

Kalidasa an outstanding Sanskrit poet and dramatist, probably the greatest Indian writer of any epoch. Many works are attributed to him; but only six are considered as certainly genuine, three dramas (Abhijnana Sakuntalam, Vikramorvasiyam and Malavikdgnimitram) and three epics (Raghuvamsam, Kumdra-sambhavam and Meghadutam). One more, Rtusamhdram, is considered by most, Sri Aurobindo included, as Kalidasa’s. The date of Kalidasa is uncertain. A persistent legend makes him one of "the nine gems" (Navaratna) that adorned the court of King Vikramaditya at Ujjayini. It is, however, a certainty that the poet lived sometime between the reign of Agnimitra, the second Sunga king

 (c. 170 Be), hero of one of his dramas, and the Aihole Inscription of AD 634, which lauds Kalidasa. Sri Aurobindo thinks that he flourished in the first century BC, and his patron Vikramaditya was the one who is associated with the Vikrama Samvat or Era that dates from 58/57 BC. The consolidation of the Malavas under Vikramaditya took place in 56 BC, and it was subsequent to this date that Kalidasa came to Ujjayini. (A; Enc. Br.) Der: Kalidasian  3: 147, 152, 156, 158, 185, 213, 216-17, 221-27, 229, 231-32, 236-40, 244-63, 265-68, 271, 273-77, 279-80, 282-88, 290-95, 300, 303, 306, 309-10, 312, 314-17, 319-20, 322-23, 338 7: 907, 912 8: 97, 133, 137, 155 9:28, 30, 36, 76, 113, 432-33, 521 14:30, 185, 224, 241, 256, 285, 294, 296, 298-99, 301-03, 305, 320 17: 142, 180, 182, 306 22: 418 26: 235-36, 253, 268 27: 81, 84-85, 90-92, 98-100, 104-08, 147, 150 29: 727 I: 25-27, 29 III: 19 X: 111, 115, 117, 141-50, 153, 155-58, 165-66, 168-75, 177 XIX: 29

Kaligunge Kaliganj, a town in Khulna district of East Bengal (now in Bangladesh), on the banks of a branch of the Ganga, about 20 miles east of Khulna town. (S.Atlas) a 2:358, 360 4:248

Kalikrishna or Kali Krishna, the dual realisation of Krishna and Kali (See Krishnakali), with emphasis on Kali. (A &R, XX: 163) n XX: 125, 127, 130

Kalindi a name of the River YAMUNA from its source Kalinda (the Sun). (Dow.) D [Indexed with Yamuna]

Kalinga an ancient territorial subdivision of peninsular India, corresponding to northern Andhra Pradesh (above the Godavari), most of Orissa, and a portion of Madhya Pradesh. (Enc. Br.) n 14: 193 XVIII: 136

Kali the Mother a book by Sister Nivedita which Sri Aurobindo read and admired. It is a collection of essays on the Divine Mother, written in 1897. The first Indian edition of the book was brought out by the Advaita Ashram, Almorainl950. (A) a 26:58, 69

Kali(yuga) the last of the four Yugas (ages) in the reckoning devised by the Hindus, the age in which we are presently living. It commenced in 3102 BC and will endure for 432, 000 years. In the Kaliyuga the righteousness which was complete in the Satyayuga, remains to the extent of

one-fourth only; calamities, disease, fatigue, anger, distress, hunger and fear prevail. Sri Aurobindo did not give much importance to what tradition said on the "exact figures about the yugas", but he did accept that the present age is a Kaliyuga and that it is to be followed (as tradition also says) by a restoration of the Saty a. (Dow.; A)  2:12, 96 3: 179, 358, 453 4: 45, 67-68, 81, 95-96, 99, 107, 125, 304, 313 5:84-85 11:449, 452 14:342 15: 117-18 16: 412 17: 122, 153, 167, 255, 372 22: 403 27: 363, 429-30, 434, 452, 472 V: 96 VI: 137, 156, 184, 191-92, 196 VII: 9 VIII: 191-93 XIV: 119 XV: 28 XVII: 10, 31 XVIII: 148 XIX: 78, 80 XX.–116

Kaiki in Hindu mythology, the tenth and final Avatar of Vishnu who will complete the evolution "by bringing the Kingdom of the Divine upon earth" (22: 402). He is yet to appear. According to tradition he will be seated on a white horse with a naked sword in his hand. (A; Dow.) n 13:157 15:635 22:402-03 VI: 193 XIV: 116 XIX: 25

Kalyani a character – wife of Mohendra Singh – in the Bengali novel Ananda Math by Bankim Chandra. o 8:319-28, 343, 345-55

Kama, Mrs. Bhikhaiji Rustom Cama (1861-1936), a well-known, wealthy Parsi lady who became a revolutionary leader. About 1902 she left India for Europe and remained there in self-imposed exile for more than thirty years. She settled in Paris in the middle of 1909, and from there helped in Indian revolutionary propaganda by editing an English monthly Bande Mataram (See Bande Mataram2) and coming in contact with patriots like Shyamji Krishnavarma, Lala Hardayal, and Vir Savarkar. Madame Cama returned to India in 1936 and died soon after. (Enc. Ind.; P.T.I.; M.I., August 1988, p.523) a 2: 385

Kama(deva) in Hindu mythology, the god of love, represented as a handsome youth armed with a bow and arrows. His wife is Rati, the goddess of desire. Kamadeva inspired Shiva with amorous thoughts of Parvati when he was engaged in tapasya, and for this offence Shiva reduced him to ashes by fire from his third eye. Afterwards, how- ever, he relented and allowed Kama to be bom again as Pradyumna, son of Krishna andRukmini. (Dow.) The other names or epithets of Kamadeva used by Sri Aurobindo are: Kandarpa, Madan (or Modon), and Monmuth. Var: Cama l-i 5:80, 82, 241, 258 7:942 13:349 26: 268-69 27: 154, 158 II: 6 XIX: 54

Kamadhuk more commonly known as Kamadhenu, the cow of plenty, fulfilling all desires. She was produced at the churning of the Ocean and belonged to the sage Vasishtha. (Dow.) 13:349

Kamakura a city in central Honshu, Japan, on Sagami Bay. It is known for its colossal bronze figure of Buddha (42 ft. high), cast in AD 1252, which is a Japanese national treasure. (Col. Enc.) a 14: 206

Kamala (Kamala), in Hindu mythology, a name of the goddess LAKSHMI, from her connection with the lotus (kamala). (Dow.)  [Indexed with Lakshmi]

Kamala Kanta; Kamalakanter Daptar Bankim Chandra’s (Bengali) novel Kamala Kanta has three parts – (1) Kamala Kanter Daptar, (2) Kamala Kanter Patra and (3) Kamala Kanter Jobanabandi (Kamala Kanta’s Will). The first part, Kamala Kanter Daptar, came out in book form in 1875. The enlarged book, which included the other two parts and was named Kamala Kanta, was published in 1885 (?) (B.R.-II) D 3:91 17: 346

Kamaloka in theosophy, a semi-material plane, to us subjective and invisible, where the disembodied "personalities", the astral forms called Kamarupa (see Devachan) remain, until they fade out from it by complete exhaustion of the effects of the mental impulses that created these eidolons of human and animal passions and desires. It corresponds to the Hades of the ancient Greeks. (T.G.) n xill: 33

Kamban a famous Tamil poet who flourished probably in the 9th century AD. He is the author of the Kamban Ramayana, which is an adaptation in Tamil of Valmiki’s Ramayana. Kamban gave it the name of Ramandtaka. It is by all standards a great work, and no mere translation. (D.I.H.;

Gaz.-II) D 14: 197, 256, 319-20 . Kamboliatola a locality in central Calcutta. n 1: 148, 159

Kamrej name of a village in the former princely state of Baroda a XV: 75

Kamsa See Kansa

Kanada (fl.c. 2nd cent. AD), Hindu sage and philosopher who founded the Vaisheshika school of philosophy. (Dow.; Enc. Br.)  17: 279 VIII: 183

Kanai(lal) Kanailal Dutta (1888-1908), one of the earliest martyrs for India’s freedom. As an undertrial prisoner taking treatment in the Alipore Jail hospital, he, in collaboration with Satyendra Nath Bose, shot and killed the approver Noren Gossain. For this murder, which he confessed to during

the examination, he was sentenced to death and was executed on 10 November 1908. (D.N.B.) 0 4: 274-75

Kanchanjungha Kanchenjunga, world’s third highest mountain peak (28, 208 ft.), on the border of Sikkim and Nepal, in the Himalayas. (Enc. Br.) Var: Kunchenjunga a 17: 90, 382 22: 150

Kanchi one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus in India; the modern Conjeeveram or Kanchipuram, administrative headquarters of the Chingleput district in Tamil Nadu state. It is one of the most ancient cities of South India. (Dow.; Enc. Br.)  8:340

Kandahar capital of Kandahar province in southeastern Afghanistan. Located on main routes to Central Asia (via Kabul) and India, ^ it is the most important trading centre of South Afghanistan. (D.I.H.; Enc. Br.) Var: Candahar a 3: 193 5: 276

Kandarpa an epithet of Kamadeva, the Hindu god of love. See Kama(deva). D [Indexed with Kama(deva)]

Kane, Hari Balkrishna (c. 1890- ? ), a Maratha youth of Yeotmal (Maharashtra) who was arrested in the Manicktolla Con- spiracy Case. He was thought to have been sent by G. S. Khaparde from Amraoti to learn bomb-making at Calcutta. He was sentenced to seven years’ transportation, but acquitted in an appeal to the High Court. (P.T.I.;A.B.T.) D 2:287

Kangra name of a town and district of Himachal Pradesh in northwestern India. In the 18th and 19th centuries Kangra became the centre of a notable school of Rajput miniature painting. (Enc. Br.) D 17: 302

Kansa in Hindu mythology, a tyrannical king of Mathura, son of Ugrasena and brother of Devaki, the mother of Krishna. He is looked upon as an Asura. It was foretold that the eighth son born of Devaki would kill him, and so he. endeavoured to destroy all her children. The eighth son, Krishna, was taken away by Vasudeva unseen by the guards. Kansa, on learning of this, became the great persecutor of Krishna, but was eventually killed by him. (Dow.) Var: Kamsa  1: 558, 595, 599-600, 802, 811, 818 8: 41-43, 50 17: 119

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804), German metaphysician, foremost thinker of the Enlightenment, and one of the greatest figures in philosophy. (Enc. Br.) n 4: 44 9: 547 14: 66 15: 34, 141 26: 223 27: 248 IV: 157 VIII: 166 XIV: 127, 164 XV: 36 XVII: 37 XVIII: 154

Kantalpara a village in the Hooghly district of Bengal (now of West Bengal state); birth- place of Bankim Chandra Chatterji. a 3:75

Kanthi a town in the Midnapore district of Bengal (now of West Bengal state), o 3:83

Kanunga probably Hem Chandra Das, also known (especially after 1920) as Hem Chandra Kanunga. See Das, Hemchandra. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Kanwa’ a dynasty of Indian rulers. It suc- ceeded the Sunga dynasty in c. 73 BC in Magadha, and comprised four reigns cover- ing 45 years. (D.I.H.) a 14:351, 373

Kanwa2; Kanwa Ghaura Kanwa was an ancient Rishi repeatedly referred to in the Rig-veda and later texts. He is sometimes counted as one of the seven great Rishis. His sons and descendants, the Kanvas, are also mentioned, especially in the eighth mandala of the Rig-veda. The authorship of that mandala, as well as of part of the first, is attributed to this family. A descendant of Kanva is known both as Kanva and as Kanva, either alone or accompanied by a patronymic, e.g. Kanva Ghaura and Kanva Medhyatithi. The followers of Kanva are called Kanvas. There have been several sages bearing the name Kanva, including the one who brought up Shakuntala as his daughter. (Dow.;V. Index) n 3:283 10:152, 154, 169, 189 11: 34, 44-45, 47, 49, 433 X: 170 XV: 29, 48 XVII: 54, 59-60

Kanwa Medhyatithi See Medh(y)atithi Kanwa

Kanyakumari See Comorin, Cape

Kapala Kundala a Bengali novel (1866) by Bankim Chandra Chatterji, his second novel, having all the charms of a poem. It is a love story against a gruesome background of Tantric rites. (Enc. Br. ; B.R.-I) Var: Kapalkundala a 3:91, 94 17:345 27:353

Kapila (fl. 550 BC?) , a celebrated Indian sage, the founder of the Sankhya philosophy. He has been described as a descendant of Manu, and has been deified as a son of the creator-god Brahma. Kapila is said to have destroyed the sixty-thousand sons of King Sagar with a single glance. (Dow.; Enc. Br.) D 12:4, 372 16:353 22:73 111:80

VIII: 183 XIV: 120 XVI: 132

Karachi y. seaport and capital of Sind (formerly a province of India, now in Pakistan). It was the venue of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1913 and again in 1931. (D.I.H.) a 1:804 26:29 X: 187 XXI: 100 XXII: 129

Karakahini "Tales of Prison Life", a series of nine articles of Sri Aurobindo published in the Bengali monthly Suprabhat in 1909-10. The series remained incomplete, for Sri Aurobindo left Bengal in 1910. Karakahini came out in book-form in 1920 from Chandernagore. (SABCL, Vol. 4: pre.) D 3:431 4: pre.

Karan, Debdas editor of Medini Bandhab, Midnapur. During his evidence in the Ali- pore Bomb Case, his mention of DRONA misled Norton, and the questions and answers that followed amused the people very much. (A.B.T., p. 81; A) n 4:287-88

Karatoya a river of northern Bengal (now in Bangladesh), flowing through the districts of Rangpur, Dinajpur, and Bogra, and joining the Brahmaputra a little above its confluence with the Ganga. According to legend, it arose from the water held in Shiva’s hand during the ceremony of his marriage to Parvati; hence its name, which means "hand-water". The Karatoya is believed to have been a great river not only in ancient times, but also until the fairly recent past. Today, however, it has become a minor river. (S. Atlas; B..V. 1978, p. 42) a 27:119

Kareem a character – a fisherman of Bagdad — in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora. a 7:561, 691-93, 696-97, 700, 704

Kari father of the saint NAMMALWAR. He was a petty prince who paid tribute to the PandyankingofMadura. (A) a 17:373

Karikal (or Karaikal), a town and port located about 100 miles south of Pondi- cherry; with the surrounding territory, formerly one of the enclaves comprising the territory of French India. Since the transfer of the territory to the Government of India in 1954, this enclave of 62.8 sq. miles within the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu state has been one of the four constituents of the Union Territory of Pondicherry. o 17:403 27:445-47, 449-50

Kannadeva(s) literally, "god(s) of action". [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Karmayogi a Tamil cultural monthly published from Pondicherry and edited by Subramania Bharati

 for about two years. Later, Govindarajulu was registered as editor. It was allowed free circulation in British India, a 27:501

Karmayogin1 English weekly of Calcutta, "a Review of National Religion, Literature, Science, Philosophy, etc.", started by Sri Aurobindo on 19 June 1909. He wrote practically all of its articles and editorial comments, and published in it a number of his poems and translations. When he left for Chandernagore in February 1910, he en- trusted the journal to Sister Nivedita. It ceased publication onMarch 26, 1910. (I&G) 0 2:pre.. 11, 13-14, 16.20, 52.210. 331, 358.386.415, 417-19 3:341 4:201.243 26:34-36.56-57, 61-63, 70-71 27:461 1:56 XIV: 166 XV: 61 XVI: 193 XVII: 69

Karmayogin1 a Bengali paper organized by Amarendranath Chatterjee and published from Uttarpara, a suburban town near Calcutta. (A) a 2:417

Kama in the Mahabharata, son of Kunti by Surya (the Sun) born, before her marriage with Pandu, from her ear (karna in Sanskrit) with an outfit of armour and ear-rings which, as ordained by Surya, made him invincible. Afraid of censure and disgrace Kunti abandoned the child on the banks of the Yamuna. The charioteer of Dhritarashtra found him and brought him up as his own son. Kama grew into a skilful archer and consequently a keen rival of Arjuna. In the war he sided with Duryodhana, his friend and benefactor. A liberal alms-giver, Kama could not refuse the gift of his life-saving armour and ear-rings to Indra, who purpose- ly deceived him in the garb of a Brahmin seeking alms. Kama had meant to use the Sakti, an unerring missile that Indra had granted him, against his arch-enemy Arjuna, but was forced to use it instead to kill Ghatotkacha, a son of Bhima by the demon- ess Hidimba. (Dow.; Pur. Enc.) Var: Cuma a 1:363 3:169.194 4:71.76 8:77 13: 370 14: 292 26: 503 III: 6 VII: 53

Karoosh in the Mahabharata, name of an ancient country which, according to modern scholars, comprised Baghelkhand and part of Bundelkhand regions of central India. The king of the country was Dantavakra or Dantavaktra. (M.N.;H.S.S.) d 8:40

Kartavirya, Haihaya Arjuna in Hindu mythology, son of Krtavirya, king of the Haihayas. His own name was Arjuna, Kartavirya is his patronymic.

 By worship- ping Dattatreya he obtained many boons including a thousand arms. According to the Vishnu Purana, he ruled for 85, 000 years with unbroken health, prosperity, strength and valour. In another place, however, a different character is given to him: he op- pressed both men and gods, so that the latter approached Vishnu for succour, and Vishnu came down to the earth as Para- shuram for the express purpose of killing him. (Dow.) Var: Cartoveriya 1-1 3:190 8:46, 57 16:412 VI: 156

Kartick name of a month in the Hindu Calendar, corresponding to part of October/ November. It is the last month according to the ancient reckoning in which the year began with the month of Margasirsa, and the eighth month of the year in the modem popular Vikram Era, which starts with the month of Chaitra. Var: Karttik a 8:318

Kartikeya in Hindu mythology, the War- God. A son of Shiva, he was born to kill the Asura Taraka. Kartikeya is represented as riding on a peacock, holding a bow in one hand and an arrow in the other. Of his many other names those used by Sri Aurobindo are Skanda and Kumar(a). (Dow.) D 3:270, 316 4:27 7:974, 988. 1009 8:345 10:334 13:349 22:342.392-93

Kashi(e)’ an ancient region of India com- prising what is now Varanasi (see Benares) and probably some adjoining area in the district of Banaras, of which Varanasi is the administrative headquarters. The people of the region were known as Kashis. (Tradi- tionally regarded as one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindus, renowned for its tem- ple of Vishwanath dedicated to the god Shiva, Kashi is identified with Varanasi. Officially and factually, however, Kashi is the name only of a locality in Varanasi served by a railway station of the same name.) a 3:289 7:909.926, 928, 953 8:77-78, 340 I: 23 X: 175 XVIII: 150

Kashiraj King of Kashi, an ancient region of India (see the previous entry). In the battle of the Mahabharata he sided with the Pandavas, (M.N.) n 4:75, 77

Kashiram Kashiram Das (fl. 16th cent.), Indian poet, famous for his Bengali ren- dering of the Mahabharata, which vied with the Ramayana of Krittibas in influencing the cultural life of Bengal in the medieval period. (B.A.C.; Gaz.-II, p. 439) D 14:319

Kashitri (Kasitr), "the Shining One";

assumed Sanskrit cognate of the Greek name KASTOR. (The word does not occur in Hindu scriptures as a proper name.) (A) Var: Kashtri (Kastr) a 10:318 XVI: 164

Kashmir formerly a princely state on the north-northwestern frontier of India. (Pres- ently one half of Kashmir, called "Azad Kashmir", is under the occupation of Paki- stan. The other half, along with Jammu, forms the state of Jammu and Kashmir, which has a special status within the Union of India.) Famed for its natural beauty and healthy climate, the state is also strategically important as guarding one of the approaches to India on the northwest. (D.I.H.; Enc. Br.) Var: Cashmere Der: Kashmiri; Cashmeri; Cashmerian n l: 393-96, 414 3: 265 7:739, 741-45, 748-49, 754, 761, 778-82. 7.84-85, 791-92, 891, 895 8:340 14: 190. 306 26: 9, 50, 352 IV: 193-95.197 X: 147

Kashtri See Kashitri

Kashyapa a Vedic Rishi who is mentioned only once in the Rig-veda, but is a common figure in the later Samhitas. He is one of the seven great Rishis. He played a large part in the work of Creation and as such is some- times called Prajapati, or chief among the Prajapatis, in the Puranas. According to Sri Aurobindo, the Puranic Prajapati Kashyapa is different from the Vedic Rishi Kashyapa, and cannot be identified with him. (Dow.; V. Index; Pur. Enc.; A) D 10:147 17:278

Kashyapa, King Kasyapa I of Ceylon who built a palace at Sigiriya in AD 477 as a safeguard against his enemies. (Enc.Br., under Sigiriya) a 14:241

Kashyapas (Kasyapas) descendants of the Vedic Rishi Kasyapa. n 27:158

Kastor Greek form of Castor. See "Castor and Pollux".

Kata Vaishwamitra (Kata Vaisvamitra), a Vedic Rishi, son of Vishwamitra n ll: 139

Kathasaritsagara "The Ocean of the Rivers of Tales", a collection of popular romantic stories in Sanskrit verse written by Somadeva Bhatta sometime between 1063 and 1081. It is an inferior version of a once-famous work in the Paisachi language. (D.I.H.; A) n 6:205 14: 186, 306

Katha (Upanishad) an Upanishad of the Krishna (Black) Yajur-veda. o 4: 69 12: pre., 57, 119, 226, 237 14:269 16:91, 405 18: 60, 80, 218, 295, 388, 524. 553. 607 19:690, 765, 824, 889 IX: 35, 55 XV: 33 XVI: 171

Kathiawar a peninsula lying in west central India between the Gulf of Cutch and the Gulf of Cambay. It now forms part of the state of Gujarat. (Enc.Br.) n 2:385 17:331 27:112

Kathis (members of) a caste in Gujarat. (Gaz.-I, p. 624) o 1:647

Katya a Rishi mentioned in the Prashna Upanishad. a 12:295

Kaul a small town in Kaithal subdivision of the former province of Punjab (now in Karnal district of Haryana state). (A; Enc. Br., under Kaithal) a 2:180.182

Kaurav(a)(s) descendant(s) of Kuru. It is a patronymic applied especially to the hundred sons of Dhritarashtra, more correctly called Dhartarashtras (Dhartarastrah) or Dharta- rashtrians or Dhritarashtrians, who formed one of the two rival families of the Mahabharata. (Dow.) a 3:191, 195, 204 4:65, 67, 77, 79-80, 82-84, 88 8:36, 78, 80 13:54, 161.177, 220 IV: 116 VII: 49, 51

Kaushitaki Kausitakibrdhmanopanisad, an Upanishad of the Rig-veda. (Up.K.) a XVIII: 156

Kaustubha in Hindu mythology, the jewel which emerged from the waters as a result of the churning of the Milky Ocean, and is worn by Vishnu (or Krishna) on his chest. (Dow.) Var: Kaustubh-stone a 3:278 8:343 X: 159 XIII: 36

Kaviputra name of a great classical writer, a dramatist, mentioned in the drama Malavi- kdgnlmitram by Kalidasa. n 8:137 X:117

Kayastha a caste among the Hindus in northern and eastern India. In Bengal the Kayastha is next to the Brahmin in the hierarchy of castes. Many hold that the Kayasthas in Bengal were originally Kshatriyas who came to be known as Kayasthas when they exchanged the sword for the pen and became practically a caste of writers or clerks. The work of the latter brought them into administration and government, and, in Bengal especially, they have risen to high eminence. (D.I.H.; Enc. Br.) D 1:633 2:13

Kayshic an ancient country, mentioned in the Mahabharata, that was conquered by BHISHMUC, the king of Vidarbha. (M.N.) D 8:40

Kazimali Khan, Maulvi a Muslim zamindar of Chittagong (now in Bangladesh) around 1906. ‘(A) a 27:40

K.B.J. See Khaserao

K.D. See Dutt, Kshitish

Keats, John (1795-1821), English poet. Inspite of his tragically brief career, he is considered one of the greatest of the 19th- century English lyric poets. He is remembered for the vivid imagery, sensuous appeal, and rich classical themes of his verse. (Enc. Br.) D 3:101, 108.147.156, 254, 291 5:8 9:21, 27, 53-54, 74, 92-94, 100, 112, 116, 126, 129-31, 133, 171-73. 192.247.253, 303-04, 377, 395.421, 472, 479, 481-82, 521-22, 525, 529, 53826:233, 238, 241, 246, 264-67, 310, 340 27:81, 86 29:738, 753, 758, 785, 788, 791 1:13 II: 16 X: 141

Kedar Kedar Roy ( ? -1603), younger brother of Chand Roy (see Chand). He did not submit to the Moghuls. In 1603 he was defeated by the Moghul forces under Man Singh, and was killed by the latter. (N.B.A.;S.B.C.) a i:21

Keerat (the word in the text of the Mahabharata is "Kirata"), name of an ancient Indian territory. (M.N.) a 8:40

Kekayie See Kaikeyi(e)

Kelkar, N. C. Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar (1872-1947), a nationalist leader of Poona (now called Pune), Tilak’s most prominent disciple and colleague. He was editor of the Maratha (see Mahratta} from 1897 to 1919 and of Kesari, a Marathi journal, from 1897 to 1899 and from 1901 to 1931. Kelkar dis- tinguished himself in Marathi literature. His collected works cover twelve volumes com- prising 12, 000 pages. (D.N.B.; B.A.C.) D 2:297-98, 310 4:233-34

Keltic faith the religious beliefs and practices of the Kelts or Celts, an Indo-European people numerically and geographically at the height of their power in Europe during the fourth century BC. Presided over by the Druids (the priestly order), Celtic religion presents beliefs and practices similar to those of ancient Indian culture, thus indicating an ancient common heritage. (Enc. Br., under "Celtic religion") [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Kemp F. E. Kemp, deputy superintendent of police, Barisal (now in Bangladesh), under whose command the police cudgelled and lathi-charged the procession of delegates to the Provincial Conference of the Congress on April 14. 1906. (I.F.F., p. 159; B.P.P., p. 64) D 1:238

Kena (Upanishad) also known as Talavakara, an Upanishad belonging to the Samaveda. (Up.K.) D 4:30 12: pre., 95.145, 155. 162-63, 224, 393.527, 535 13:425 17:402 18:12-13, 100, 388 27: 309 IV: 169 VIII: 156-57 XIV: 128 XV: 20 XVI: 188-89 XVII: 33

Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630), German astronomer who discovered that the earth and the other planets travel around the Sun in elliptical orbits. (Enc. Br.) a i: 281

Kersey’s Dictionary New English Dictionary (1702) by John Kersey (the Younger), British lexicographer. (Enc. Br.) n n: 18

Kesari Marathi weekly, the foremost in western India among the Extremists’ organs. It was started at Poona (now Pune) in 1880 by Tilak, Apte, Agarkar, and others, with Tilak as the editor. In 1890 Tilak, because of differences of opinion with Agarkar, ob- tained proprietorship of the paper. It was edited by N. C. Kelkar from 1897 to 1899 and again from 1901 to 1931. (B.A.C.; P.T.I.) a 1:197, 281, 292, 626, 746 17:350

Keshab Press Keshab Printing Works of Calcutta, owned by Keshab Chandra Sengupta. It was a nationalist press which occasionally printed forms or issues of Yugantar. The Pamphlet "Sonar Bangia" was also printed at this press. (A; A.B.T.) a 1:429-30

Keshav See Keshav (Ganesh) (Desai)

Keshav(a) "having much or fine hair" or / "killer of Kesi"; a name of Vishnu or Krishna, but more often used for the latter. (Dow.) D [Indexed with Krishna]

Keshav Chandra See Sen, Keshab Chandra

Keshav (Ganesh) (Desai) one of the participants in the dialogues "The Harmony of Virtue" and "Beauty in the Real" written by Sri Aurobindo at the age of 18-20. (A) a 3:1-19, 21-30, 32-63.65-66, 68

Kesteven, Lord John Henry Trollope (1851- 1915), 2nd Baron Kesteven. He was a wealthy country gentleman. D 2:307

Ketkar, Daji Saheb the person who introduced Sri Aurobindo to a meeting held at Nasik on 24th January 1908. (A) a 1:5

Ketkar, Vishvanath Gangadhar one of the persons who received Sri Aurobindo at Nasik Road station on 24th January 1908. (A) a 1:1

Ketu the descending node in Hindu astronomy, also considered a planet. See also Rahu. a 17:259-62

Ketu Agneya a Vedic Rishi, son of Mrtyu, a daughter of Brahma, a 11:433

K.G.G. SeeGupta.K.G.

Khagen name of a person probably belong- ing to Chandernagore and connected with the commune organized there by Motilal

Roy in or before 1920. Sri Aurobindo, in one of his letters, replies to a point raised by Motilal in connection with Khagen’s marriage. (A) a 27:496

Khakan mentioned as the father of Almuene in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora. a 7:561, 565, 568, 580, 589, 615, 620, 731

Khalid a character – a slave – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora. n 7:578-79, 581

Khalsa the military theocracy of the Sikhs. It is a democratic institution in which a new direction and form was given to Sikhism by Guru Govind Singh. It gradually came to indicate the whole military might of the Sikhs. (A;D.I.H.) D i: 308 4:171 14: 132, 187, 378, 380 15: 354

Khandav name of an ancient forest and country on the banks of the Yamuna which the Pandavas received as their inheritance when Dhritarashtra divided his kingdom. There the Pandavas built the city of INDRA- PRASTHA and made it their capital. The forest was consumed with fire by the god Agni assisted by Krishna and Arjuna. (Dow.) a 8:28

Khaparde, Ganesh Srikrishna (1854-1938), a famous lawyer, scholar, orator, and social worker of Amraoti (now in Maharashtra state). He was an eminent Nationalist leader, an associate ofTilak, and connected with revolutionary activities. (B.A.C.; P.T.I.) n 1:634.828 2:314 4:178 27:42

Khare probably, Daji Abaji Khare (1856-1916), a famous lawyer and public worker of Bombay, and a secretary of the Congress from 1909 to 1913. He was a Moderate leader but had the "Nationalist robustness to keep possession of his own conscience" (1:896). (B.A.C.; A) D 1: 896-97, 899

Khare, Baba Saheb See Khare, Waman Sakaram

Khare, Keshav Lakshman one of the persons who received Sri Aurobindo at Nasik Road station on 24 January 1908. (A) a 1:1

Khare, Waman Sakaram (… Sakharam…), also known as Baba Saheb Khare (1866-1928), a leading legal practitioner of Nasik (now in Maharashtra state), and because of his nationalist activities an acknowledged leader of Nasik district. He was earlier a follower of the Tilak school of politics, but later he joined the revolutionary movement. He was arrested in the Bande Mataram Case of 1906-07,

but was found "not guilty". In 1910 he was implicated in the Jacksoh Murder Case and was sentenced to 4 years’ imprisonment. Sri Aurobindo stayed at his house when he visited Nasik in January 1908. (D.N.B.; A) a 1:1-3, 5

Kharwar the Kharia; hill people living in the states of Orissa and Bihar, numbering about 180, 000. They are primarily hunters and gatherers, although some practise a shifting agriculture. (Enc. Br.) a IX: 1, 2

Khaserao Rao Bahadur K. B. Jadhav(a) (1864-1924), a close friend of Sri Aurobindo at Baroda. He was at one time Sar Suba (Chief Collector) of Navsari in Baroda state. In 1902 he was serving as District Collector of Baroda. Sri Aurobindo spent much of his time at Baroda at his place. Bungalow No. 15 in Dandia Bazar. Khaserao came to see Sri Aurobindo at Pondicherry in 1916. (Purani) D 26: 58 (Khasirao, a misspelling) 1:68, 70, 72, 75-76 IV: 196-98

Khasirao See Khaserao

Khatoon a character – wife of Almuene, and sister of Ameena – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora. a 7:561, 569-70, 707-09, 716-18

Khedive a title (Viceroy of Egypt) accorded to Ismail Pasha by the Turkish Government in 1867. His successors also enjoyed this title. It was replaced by the title "Sultan" in 1914 when Egypt became a British protectorate. (Enc. Br.) a 1:721

Khesias the Khasis, people of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills district of the state of Megha- laya in India. They have a distinctive culture. (Enc.Br.) a IX: 1, 2

Khilafat Agitation a movement started by Indian Muslims around 1920 with the pur- pose of exerting pressure on England against joining in the then impending destruction of Turkey and the Caliphate. It brought into prominence as leaders two brothers, Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali. They joined the Congress, which soon after (December 1920) started the non-cooperation movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Thus the Khilafat movement led to an unprecedented union between the Indian Muslims and the Hindus and greatly strengthened the cause of Indian nationalism. In Turkey, however, after the emergence of Kamal Ataturk, the Sultan was deposed (1923), the office of the Caliph was abolished (1924), and Turkey was declared a secular state by the Turks themselves. The Khilafat movement consequently soon collapsed. (D.I.H.) n 15:645

Khorassan Khurasan or Khorasan, a region of northeastern Iran, bounded on the north byU.S.S.R., andon the east by Afghani- stan. (Enc.Br.) a 5:275, 277

Khotan an oasis town of southwestern Sinkiang province in China. It was an early centre for the spread of Buddhism from India into China. (Col. Enc.) u 14:241

Khuda Baksh a person whom Sri Aurobindo speaks of as having walked on fire unhurt and disproved all explanations suggested by scientists. (A) D 22:202

Khulna administrative headquarters of Khulna district and division in Bengal (now

in Bangladesh). Sri Aurobindo’s father K. D. Ghose served at Khulna from 1884 till his death in 1892. (Enc.Br.) a 1:373.375, 477, 485-86 2:425 3:83-84, 90-91 27:439 XIX: 21

Kiamil Pasha probably, Mehmed Kamil Pasha (1832-1913), a liberal Turkish army officer who became Ottoman Grand Vizier (Prime Minister) four times. He was forced to resign in 1913 as a result of Enver Pasha’s coup d’etat (see Anwar). (Enc. Br.) D XXI: 94

Kidnapped one of the best-known works of R. L. Stevenson, published in 1886; it is an adventure novel centred around a stolen inheritance, a kidnapping, a battle at sea, and several murders in 18th-century Scotland. (Enc.Br.) n 22:343

King Bomba See Bomba, King

Kingdom of God one of the finest poems by Francis Thompson. (A) a 26:255, 259-60 29:797, 799

King Henry VI a play by Shakespeare in three parts, belonging to the first group of his plays (c. 1589 through 1594). (Henry VI was king of England from 1422 to 1461 and 1470 to 1471). (Col. Enc.) a 3:185

King Lear See Lear

(King ) Lear a tragedy by Shakespeare, considered by many his most pessimistic work. It belongs to the third group of his plays (written from 1601 through 1609) and was first performed in 1605/6. (Enc. Br.; " Col. Enc.) D 3:97 9:72 26:181

King Log The reference is to the fable of Jupiter and the frogs. The expression means "a faineant ruler". (C.O.D.) D 13:142

King Philip a character – King Philip of Spain – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Maid in the Mill. (There were many kings named Philip in the history of Spain.) a 7:821, 825-30.832-33, 835-36

King’s College constituent college of Cambridge University. Sri Aurobindo (then known as A. A. Ghose) was a student of this college for two years between 1890 and 1892, obtaining First Class Honours in Part I of the Classical Tripos. (A & R, II: 99) a 26:2-3 27:419 11:87 V: 100 XVII: 66

Kingsford D. H. Kingsford (1872-1937), who entered the I.C.S. in 1894, was the Chief Presidency Magistrate of Calcutta from August 1904 to March 1908, when he was transferred to Muzaffarpur (Bihar) as District Judge. Threats were made against his life because he had tried cases against nationalist newspapers, and had ordered the whipping of a boy named Sushil Chandra Sen for a fracas with the police. A terrorist bomb was directed against him, but the attempt miscarried, two ladies’bemgYiAed instead. (P.T.I.; Auro-I, p. 544; Gilbert, p. 147) n 1:629

Kingsley. Charles (1819-75), Anglican clergyman, teacher, and writer whose novels, widely read in the Victorian era of reform, influenced social developments in Britain. He was one of the first churchmen to support Darwin’s theory. (Enc.Br.) a 5:381

Kinnar(a); Kinnari(e) mythical beings - Kinnara (male) and Kinnari (female) - traditionally considered to have the form of a man and the head of a horse; according to some scholars, Sri Aurobindo included, they are choristers and musicians dwelling in the paradise of Kuvera on Kailas. See also Gandharva(s) (Dow.) a 3:154, 242-44 6:265 8: 100-01. 105.111, 115-16, 123, 343 12: 409 27: 103-04, 159

Kipling, Rudyard (1865-1936), English poet, novelist, and short-story writer. He was England’s first Nobel Prize winner in lite- rature (1907). (Enc.Br.) D 1:52 3:235 9:19, 474-75, 482 14:50 26:343-44

Kirath(a); Kirathie Kirata (fern.: Kirati) is a name given to forest and mountain people living in the east of India, and eastern Nepal. The name seems to have been applied to any hill folk., all doubtless aborigines. (Dow.; V. Index) n 5:246 6:303, 312-13

Kirtimukha 1. an architectural ornament in the form of a non-human face. 2, in Hindu mythology, name of a Shiva gana (attendant inferior deity) born out of the matted hair of Shiva, with three faces, three tails, three legs and seven hands. The Lord at first asked him to live on corpses, but later on, in appreciation

of his valour, granted him the boon that if anyone saw the Lord without think- ing first about Kirtimukha, he would meet with his downfall. (Pur. Enc.; I & G) a 17:302

Kirtinasha name of a part of the River Padma (the Ganga in Bangladesh). Floods in this part of the Padma engulfed and destroyed 21 temples of Raja Rajaballabh, whose fame rested on them. It was from that time called Kirtinasha, the destroyer of "Kirti" or fame. (N.B.A.) a 1:22

Kishoregunj a town in Mymensingh district of Dacca division, Bengal (now in Bangla- desh). (Enc. Br.) a 1:262, 715, 884, 888 27:64

Kitchener, Lord (Horatio) Herbert Kitchener (1850-1916), 1st Earl Kitchener, British Field Marshal and statesman. He came to India as Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in 1902. He had a serious controversy with the Viceroy, Lord Curzon, on an important matter of military administration and the dispute was referred for settlement to the Secretary of State for India, who decided in Kitchener’s favour. After he left India in 1909 he was made Field Marshal. On the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 he was placed in charge of the War Office in England. He-was drowned when the ship in which he was travelling to Russia was sunk by a mine. (D.I.H.; Col. Enc.; Gilbert, p. 6) D 1:284 4:176

KK See Krishnakali

Kodal a character – a young Bheel, foster brother and lieutenant of Bappa – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Prince of Edur. a 7:739, 758-59, 764-67, 770-71, 796-99, 815

Kohalatkar, Achyutrao Achyut Balwant Kolhatkar (1879-1931), a versatile litterateur and a popular journalist who introduced a new style in Marathi writing. He was editor of the D’eshsevak of Nagpur after 1906. In 1908 he was convicted for the publication in his paper of reports of Aurobindo Ghose’s speeches, and in jail a brutal treatment was meted out to him. (A; D.N.B.; B.A.C.) n 2:172

Kolahpur See Kolhapur

Kolar name of a pool somewhere in India, associated with swans, o 27:128

Kolhapur capital of the former princely state of Kolhapur, and also seat of the British Residency for the

Deccan states in India. In 1949 Kolhapur state became part of the province of Bombay. It is presently a

district of Maharashtra, and Kolhapur town the administrative headquarters of the district. (Enc. Br.) Var: Kolahpur n 1: 140, 246 17:350

Konarak a village in the district of Puri in Orissa state, famous for a thirteenth-century Hindu temple dedicated to the sun-god Surya. Built of red sandstone, never completed, and falling into ruins before being restored, it represents the culmination of the Orissa school of temple architecture. It is about 100 ft. high but would have been 200 ft. high in its completed form. The temple was designed to represent the Sun’s chariot with twelve huge carved stone wheels and seven stone horses around its base. The exterior is covered with sculptured decora- tions, many of them depicting erotic scenes. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a XV:2

Konigsberg historic capital of East Prussia. In 1945 when it was transferred to U.S.S.R., its name was changed to Kaliningrad and it became capital of Kaliningrad oblast incor- porated into the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. (Col. Enc.) a 27:466

Konnagar one of the flourishing townships which grew up from medieval times along the western bank of the Ganga, eight miles from Calcutta, in the district ofHooghly. It was the ancestral home of Sri Aurobindo’s family. (Lotika) n 4:262

Koraish also transliterated as Kuraish or Quraysh, the ruling tribe of Mecca at the time of the birth of the Prophet Mohammad. There were in it ten main clans including Hashim, the clan of the Prophet. Most of the Koreishites were bitterly opposed to the Prophet, especially at the beginning of his mission. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) Var: Koreish a 1:905 5:275

Koran or Quran, the holy book of Islam regarded by Muslims as the true word of God that was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad and collected in book-form after his death. It is accepted as the earthly reproduction of an uncreated and heavenly original and is held in high esteem as the ultimate authority in all matters legal and religious. It is written in Arabic. (Enc. Br.) a 2:19 4:260 7:578, 599, 610 12:231 13:86 16:119 26:483 X: 113

Korea a former peninsular country of eastern Asia. Its land boundaries with China and the U.S.S.R. on the north were marked

in the main by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers. After World War II the country was divided at the 38th parallel into North Korea and South Korea. These are now separate republics. (Enc. Br.) Der: Korea(s) a 1:487 2:256-57 4: 157 5: 110 15: 293, 502, 622, 626 26: 416-17 27: 117, 122-24

Koreish See Koraish

Koros in Greek mythology, satiety personified. (A & R, XV: 87) a XV: 15

Koshala name of an ancient Indian country on the Sarayu River, having Ayodhya for its capital. It probably expanded with the dominions of its rulers. The name is also variously applied to other regions. The people of the country were called Kosalas. This name does not occur in the earliest Vedic literature. (Dow.; V. Index) Var: Coshala Der: Koshalan; Koshalas; Coshalas n 3: 163-64, 189-90, 194, 214 4: 93 8: 3, 41 12:295, 302, 311 VI:155

Kountie See Kuntie2

Kripa in the Mahabharata, the adopted son of King Santanu. He was a very wise and experienced statesman, and a member of the privy council at Hastinapur. Like Bhishma, Drona and Vidura he desired justice and reconciliation with Yudhishthira. He was one of the three surviving Kuru warriors who made the murderous night attack upon the camp of the Pandavas. (Dow.; A.) Var: Cripa a 3: 194, 196 4: 76 8: 77 27: 79

Krishna "The Etemal’s Personality of Ananda"; Avatar of the Overmind. In Hindu religion, Krishna was the 8th incarnation, and is looked upon as the full manifestation of Vishnu. He was born in the Yadava race as a son of Vasudeva and Devaki, but brought up by Nanda and Yasoda. The main object of this incarnation in the Dwapara Yuga was to kill the tyrant Kansa. Krishna also killed many other Asuras and demons. He is the speaker in the Bhagavadgita. His life and exploits are related in the Maha- bharata and the Bhagavata Pur ana. Symbolically (3: 452-53), Sri Aurobindo sees Sri Krishna as the main Power of the Chatur- vyuha, with Lordship as His manifestation, and Might and Wisdom as His gunas (attributes); the Satya Yuga is full of Sri Krishna, the Brahmin. Krishna is known by several names and epithets, some of which also apply to Vishnu. The names indexed here are: Achyuta; Gopal; Govinda;

Hari;

Hrishikesh(a); Janardan(a); Keshav(a);

Madhav(a); Madhus(h)udan; Murari; Sauri;

Shyam(a); Syamasundara; Varshneya;

Vasudeva.’ (A; Dow.) Var: Crishna;

Srikrishna; Caanou Der: Krishnahood;

Krishnabhava a 1: 98, 128, 595-96, 598-600, 613, 659, 665, 739, 778, 802, 818, 852-53 2: 3-6, 9, 425-29 3: 31, 91, 113, 121, 144, 148, 151, 161, 166, 168-69, 171-75, 179, 182-83, 192-93, 195, 199-203, 205, 207, 209, 213, 295, 344, 346, 352-53, 355, 371, 452-53, 461 4: 7, 11-16, 29, 57-58, 61, 63-65, 67-68, 70-72, 76-80, 82, 85-86, 88, 90, 93-95, 97, 99-104, 107, 109, 121, 127, 129, 144, 153, 165, 222, 257, 279, 290, 302-03, 312, 331 5: 40, 78, 80. 84-85, 139-40, 165, 532, 536, 548-49, 590 7: 750, 761, 768, 772 8: 27-30, 32, 37-39, 45, 47, 49-51, 53-55, 57, 59-60, 77-80, 83.-85, 87-88, 91, 93, 95, 171, 219-25, 229-30, 242, 248. 261-62, 280, 283-84, 286, 296, 321, 325-26, 333-35, 352-54, 356, 398-401, 405-06 9: 341, 381, 437-38 10: 461 11: 444-45, 455 12: 59, 337, 456-57, 459-63, 478, 493-94, 503, 509 13: 6, 12-16, 18, 23-24. 33, 42, 53, 55, 60, 76-77, 92, 94, 98, 102-03, 107, 109, 126-27, 132, 135, 137-41, ^148, 151-54, 157-58, 160-62, 165-66, 169, 228, 256-58, 271-72, 277-78, 280, 291, 294, 301, 307, 309-10, 333, 343, 345, 350, 352, 355, 374-75, 378, 385-86, 418, 425-26, 441, 444, 468, 471, 477, 500, 514, 519, 530, 538, 562 14:264, 280, 315, 317-18 16:276, 377, 415-20, 422, 429 17: 47-48, 59, 82-83, 98, 106, 109, 114, 119, 122-23, 131-39, 141, 143, 146, 157, 174, 241, 319, 372 20:48, 59-60, 100, 259 21:555, 561, 575, 741 22: 52, 73, 80, 82-83, 87-88, 93, 95, 122, 140, 173, 245, 266, 298, 304, 315, 391-92, 402-08, 412-14, 417-18, 420-22, 424-26, 428, 430 23: 514, 521, 610, 665, 675-76, 724, 793-98, 949, 951, 960-61, 965, 980, 983 24: 1114, 1335, 1629 25: 53, 56, 73-75, 89, 275, 359 26: 77, 81, 99, 118, 120, 122, 129-30, 135-38, 143, 149, 187, 189, 191, 397, 427, 445, 463 27:83, 317, 354, 357, 359, 363, 433, 435, 460, 468 29: 525 I: 20, 22, 38, 41 II: 58-59, 64-65, 69, 72, 74 IV: 115, 168, 185, 191 V: 4-5, 9, 62-63, 69 VI: 137-38, 155-56, 166, 175 VII: 6, 17, 51 VIII: 137-38, 140-41, 188 IX: 31, 38 X: 145 XI: 14 XII: 174 XIV: 133 XVI: 134 XVII: 12, 23 XVIII: 134, 144 XIX: 3, 14, 15, 21, 80, 82 XX: 114, 127, 129, 136, 143 XXI: 39, 46, 63 XXII: 171-72, 191

Krishnacharit(ra) "The Life of Krishna" by Bankim Chandra, in which a picture of a perfect and many-sided Karmayoga is sketched. It has seven parts. The first part came out in book-form in 1886. The com- plete work containing all the seven parts was published in 1892. (A; B.R.-II) D 3:91, 182 17:345-46 27:354

Krishna Dwypaiana (or Dvy…) Vyasa See  Vyas(a) .

Krishnakali the dual realisation of Krishna and Kali, Ishwara and Shakti, constituting the "subjective half" ofKarmacatustaya. (A & R, XX: 164) Var: Krishna Kali; Krishna-Kali a XX: 114, 132, 133 XXII: 128, 135, 144, 169, 171-72

Krishnakanter Will or Krishna Kanta’s Will, a Bengali novel (1878) by Bankim Chandra. He considered it his greatest novel. (Enc. Br.) 0 3: 91 17: 345 27: 353

Krishnakumar See Mitra, Krishna Kumar

Krishna Mill a cloth mill started in Bengal in the early 20th century by nationalist-minded people to encourage Swadeshi. It manufactured cloth made of British yarn, yarn of good quality not being available in India, or from America or Japan. (A) a 4:207-08

Krishna of the Island (or Isle) See Vyas(a)

Krishnaprem Ronald Nixon (c. 1895-1965), an Irishman who took sannyasa in 1928 from a saintly Bengali lady named Yashoda Mai, and set up an Ashram named Uttara Brinda- ban at Mirtola near Almora in the Himalayas. He was a brilliant student at Cambridge, and as professor taught English literature at the universities of Lucknow and Benares. He was an aviator during World War I. Krishna- prem wrote several books, perhaps the best known being his commentary on the Gita. (SKP) D 22:492 26:256

Krishnaswami V. Krishnaswamy lyer (1863-1911), a Moderate leader of Madras, closely associated with Gokhale. He took part in the Congress sessions regularly from 1889. He was on the Senate of the Madras University, and in 1907 became a member of the Legislative Assembly, representing the university. In 1910 he was appointed a judge, and the next year, a little before his death, a member of the .Governor’s Executive Council. (D.N.B.) D 4:177.202

Krishnavarma, Shyamji (1857-1930). born in Kathiawar, India; a disciple of Madame Blavatsky as a young man; from 1878 to 1883 an undergraduate and then lecturer at Balliol College, Oxford, where he excelled in Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Law and Political Economy;

advocate of Bombay High Court (1885);

Chief Minister and legal adviser in a number of Native States (1887-96). He returned to London and founded The Indian Sociologist (1905), which denounced Britain’s "tyrannical rule" in India, and founded the Indian Home Rule Society (1905), whose object was to secure Home Rule for India by carrying on propaganda in the U.K., and financed a hostel for Indian students in London named India House. He fled to Paris to avoid arrest (1908) and continued to publish violent anti-British literature. (Gilbert, ?. 175) a 1:168 2:119-21, 363

Kritayuga "the age of accomplishment"; "the Age when the law of the Truth is accomplished".

D [Indexed with Satya (Yuga)]

Krittibas Krttivasa Ojha Mukhati (1346- ? ), one of the most distinguished classical Ben- gali writers who helped to make the Bengali language a literary instrument. His Rama- yana is a free rendering in Bengali verse of the story of Rama, based primarily on Valmiki’s Ramayana but also drawing freely from other sources. (Gaz.-II; Enc. Ind.; A) 0 3:426 14:319

Kronos See Cronos

Kruger, Paul Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (1825-1904), South African Transvaal farmer, soldier, and statesman, noted in South African history as the builder of the Afrikaner nation. He was elected president in 1883 and re-elected in 1888, 1893 and 1898. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) D 1:575

Krupp munitions manufactured by Krupp, a family who were the world’s largest manu- facturers of munitions. They dominated the city of Essen from 1587 to 1968. (Enc. Br.) n VI: 201

Kshatriya the second highest class of the ancient Chaturvarnya of India. Heroism, high spirit, resolution, ability, not fleeing in the battle, giving, lordship (isvara-bhdva), etc. were the main characteristics of the Kshatriya. The Kshatriya class gave to the community its kings, warriors, governors, and administrators. The term has been used by Sri Aurobindo also for the class of society performing this function in other countries. In India, in modern times, the Kshatriya Varna is held to include a broad class of caste groups, differing widely in status and headed by the aristocratic Rajput lineages. (A;Enc.Br.) n 1:122, 125, 127-28, 219, 236-37, 244, 537, 623, 632.705, 737, 742 2: 11-13, 29, 400, 426-27. 429 3: 163. 173, 178, 196, 202-03, 218, 331, 452 4:58, 61.67, 70-71, 84-86, 89-90, 93-95, 97-100, 102-03, 218, 268, 306, 309, 319 5:83, 85 8:23, 39, 48, 54-58, 61, 70, 81 11:451-52 12:300, 455 13:20-21, 45, 47-48, 50, 59-60, 161, 173, 491-92, 497-98, 505 14: 111, 146, 189, 316, 347, 349-51, 353, 355