-12_Glossary and Index Page 108 to 121.htm

England largest and most populous unit of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Der: English(men);

Englishwomen; Englished; Anglicised; Anglicisation 1:1, 7-8, 12-14, 16, 18, 21-32, 34-39, 41-43, 48, 53-56, 58, 63, 91-93, 99-100, 104-06, 108, 118, 132-33, 138, 142-43, 145-46, 149, 158-59, 176, 186, 190, 198, 201-02, 208-09, 220-21, 226, 230, 242, 245, 260-61, 264, 267, 269, 278-79, 282, 286, 288, 294-95, 304-05, 313, 332-33, 341-43, 350-51, 355, 358, 365, 367-68, 380, 387-88, 390, 395, 403, 409, 413-14, 417-19, 421-22, 426-27, 435, 440, 443-44, 447-48, 450, 455, 459-60, 462-65, 467-68, 470-73, 480, 482, 487, 492, 496, 499-501, 503-06, 512, 525, 534, 544, 547-48, 551-54, 559, 564-68, 573-80, 587, 597-99, 604-05, 615, 621, 627, 637, 666, 702, 704-05, 707-09, 715, 719, 721-22, 760-61, 763, 778, 810, 813, 815-16, 827, 835, 842, 844-45, 849, 856, 866, 898, 907 2:pre., 4, 7, 14, 20, 22, 26, 28, 31-34, 49, 53, 65, 78-79, 97, 112, 119-23, 135, 140, 144, 152-53, 158, 160-61, 170-73, 185, 194-95, 204, 209, 212-13, 216, 223, 233-37, 253, 255, 259, 267-70, 283-86, 288, 296, 298-99, 301-03, 306-07, 314, 326, 332, 349, 351, 356, 358-61, 363.372, 376, 379, 390, 393-95, 403-07, 421-22, 434 3:13, 26, 72, 79-80, 84-85, 87, 93, 99, 111-12, 117, 132, 193, 203, 225, 237, 242, 253, 285, 304, 306, 320, 350, 398, 417, 419, 447-48, 459-60 4: pre., 57, 97, 99, 140-44, 147, 149, 154, 157-58, 167, 176-78, 180, 182, 189, 195-97, 199, 203-05, 212-15, 218-21, 224, 230, 233-36, 238, 240, 243-45, 248-49, 257-58, 261, 265-68, 273, 285-86, 289, 293, 301, 303 5: pre., 12, 596 7:1016, 1020-21, 1023, 1027, 1049 8: 331, 333-35, 337, 341 9: 2-3, 46-47, 49, 51, 54-56, 60, 62-63, 76, 81, 86, 96, 110, 132-36, 138, 141, 144, 147-48, 157-58, 183, 189, 192, 223, 287, 307, 395, 401, 405, 441, 444-45, 453-56, 460, 462, 464, 466-68, 478, 480-81, 549-50, 560 10: 558 12: 53-54, 500 14: 4, 8, 11, 16-17, 46-47, 50, 226, 257, 263, 320, 349, 378, 387, 398, 413, 418, 422 15: 61, 88, 264, 275, 282, 288-91, 295, 297-99, 301, 303, 306, 308-10, 312-16, 321-22, 327-28, 332, 341, 348-49, 354, 356-58, 368, 375, 379, 389, 412-13, 420-21, 428, 444, 447, 450, 493, 496-97, 500-02, 504-05, 507, 512, 514, 517, 521, 536, 617, 626, 640, 645 16:312, 323 17:181, 191-93, 210, 244, 251-52, 276, 295, 302, 314, 317-18, 322, 357-58, 360, 362, 367-70, 386-87 18:436 22:205, 208-09, 490 24:1298 25: 390, 408 26:1-5, 7, 10-13, 17-18, 31, 39, 44, 75, 137, 153, 178, 204, 228, 253-56, 271, 273-74, 314, 320-22, 324-26, 365, 384, 395-96, 506 27:3-4, 11-12, 15, 17, 23, 26, 51, 54, 60-61, 65, 75, 81, 91, 99-100, 102, 107, 121, 125, 152, 155-56, 282,

420, 447-48, 456, 466-67, 471, 483 1:3-5, 8, 10-11, 27, 30, 73-74, 76 11:3, 28, 84-85. 87-88 III: 5.9-10. 15, 19, 23-24, 26-28, 86 IV: 110 V: 17, 100 VI: 124. 140 VIII: 125- 26, 133-34 IX: 29-30 XIII: 28, 47 XIV: 104, 107, 163-64 XV: 62-63, 66, 72 XVII: 66, 70, 72 XXI: 82, 85

English (language) language belonging to the Germanic branch of the great Indo-European family of languages. English is the major language, through former colonisation, of countries in all five continents, and a world- wide cultural, scientific and commercial medium. (Pears) Der: Englishing 0 1: 13, 18, 81, 92, 198.245.297, 329, 353, 400, 410, 430, 448, 455, 460, 464, 485-86, 518-19, 521, 523, 546, 552, 554, 570, 598, 601, 604, 625, 641, 655, 785, 849, 866, 901 2: pre.. 88, 144, 150, 250, 358, 383, 399, 411, 417, 422 3:79, 82, 89-90, 92, 96, 98, 102, 108, 147, 184-85, 226, 236-48, 262, 292, 306, 309, 430 4: pre., 27, 30, 54, 81, 93, 135, 176, 193, 195-96, 284, 295. 302 5: pre., 258, 341-48, 354-56, 361-65, 369-70, 375, 380-82, 386- 87, 551-53, 558, 585-86, 588 8:61, 157 9:1-3, 6-7, 27, 44-46, 48-65, 70, 73, 75, 78-83, 88-89, 91-93, 96, 105, 110-11, 120, 124, 127, 129-30, 135, 138-39. 141, 144, 148, 156-57, 167-68, 170-71, 175-76, 179, 183, 187, 189, 196, 237, 246, 273, 280-81, 284, 286-87, 301, 303, 307-08, 320, 345, 355, 365, 371, 374, 393, 395-403, 405-06, 409.414, 417-23, 431-34, 437-38, 441-42, 444, 446, 451, 453-57, 459-64, 466-68, 479, 481, 522-24, 526, 545, 548, 560 10:51-52, 211, 351-52, 355-56, 387, 556, 558, 571 11:11, 19-20, 454, 461, 484 12: pre., 40, 54, 57-58, 200, 447, 477 13:90 14:8, 71, 91, 263, 298, 433 15:302, 305-06, 332, 390, 411, 494-95, 521 16:79, 336, 419, 431 17:195, 252, 265, 267-68, 277, 283, 290, 295-96, 304, 323, 351, 361, 367, 397 20:12, 292, 295, 364 21:746 22:223, 282, 288, 290, 292, 294, 305, 405, 451 23:721, 742, 920 24:1109, 1284, 1559 25:79, 259, 383, 389 26:1-3, 5, 7, 9.11-12, 15, 28, 34, 65, 226, 234-35, 252-53, 262, 266-67, 273, 283-84, 290, 298, 306, 312-13, 315-16, 319-25, 327-28, 342, 367, 409 27:60, 81, 89-90, 92-94.96-100, 102-07, 155, 209, 230, 351-52, 421, 456, 482 29:727, 753, 760, 769-70, 781, 800, 805-06 1:1-2, 9, 11-12, 27, 30, 60, 76 11:13, 15, 18-19, 27-31, 35, 73, 77, 87 111:5, 8-11, 84 IV: 197 V: 17-18 VI: 139, 143 VII: 4, 15 VIII: 126-27 IX: 58 X: 115, 142, 154, 172, 186 XIII:47 XIV:123, 137, 165 XV: 45, 76 XVI: 149, 151, 178 XVII: 50, 53, 64, 66, 69 XXI: 67

English Channel commonly called "The Channel", arm of the Atlantic Ocean separating the southern coast of England from the northern coast of France. (Enc. Br.) a 1:29

Englishman Anglo-Indian English daily issued from Hare Street, Calcutta, founded and edited by J. H. Stocqueter. It started in 1821 under the title of The John Bull in the East, and from 1st October 1833 until it stopped publication in April 1934, it appeared as The Englishman. (Cal. Lib.) a 1:132, 150-51, 155-56, 160, 167-69, 174, 177-78, 184, 186, 202, 219-21, 242-44, 267, 271-72, 279-81, 283, 288, 303, 332, 337, 343-44, 372-73, 375, 403, 408, 410, 434, 457, 509, 521-22, 539, 564-65, 584, 593, 607, 610, 624, 719-20, 865 2:32, 77, 143-44, 218, 238, 249, 283.310, 357, 361, 367, 376, 382 4:176, 182, 199, 215, 238 27:10, 12-14

Enna a place in central Sicily. It was, in Greek mythology, the site of the rape of Persephone (Kore). See Demeter. (M.I.) a 5:510

Ennius, Ouintus (239-169 Be), Latin epic poet, dramatist and satirist, regarded by the Romans as the father of Latin poetry. Virgil, Lucretius and Ovid borrowed freely from Ennius. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) a 9:61-62

Ennosigaios also spelled Ennosigaeus, in Greek mythology, an epithet of Poseidon, meaning "earth-shaker", as one who causes the earth to quake and tremble when he strikes it with his trident, thus creating chasms, valleys, springs and river-beds. (N.C.C.H.) n 6:16, 82

Enoch Arden a collection of poems (1864) by Tennyson. It was popular, but censured in some quarters. (Col. Enc.) a 9:63

Entretiens French translation of CONVERSATIONS by the Mother, first published in 1933 under the title Entretiens aveclaMere. a 24:1230 25:400-01

Envoi a short poem (1890-92) by Sri Aurobindo, the last in the collection Songs to Myrtilla (1895). The epigraph to the poem is the concluding stanza of Virgil’s Catalepton V. (A-Poet.p. 136) n 26:7

Eoan relating to dawn or the east (Eos is the goddess of dawn in Greek mythology). In Ilion, it is an epithet of Penthesilea’s forces. (M.I.) D 5:459, 466, 468, 474, 514-15, 517-19

Epeus in Sri Aurobindo’s epic Ilion, one of the Greek chieftains. In Greek mythology there were two men with this name involved in the Trojan War on the Greek side. One was the man who, with the help of Athene, made the Wooden Horse. The other was the son and successor of Endymion, king of Elis. It is not clear if Sri Aurobindo had either in mind, but the latter would better fit the description he gives. (M.I.) D 5: 444, 469, 491

Ephesian epithet of Heraclitus, a native or inhabitant of Ephesus, an ancient city of Asia Minor. (Web.) n 16:336

Ephialtus in Sri Aurobindo’s epic Ilion, a Greek warrior. (M.I.) n 5:491

Epictetus (c. 55-c. 135), Phrygian Stoic philosopher remember for the religious tone of his teachings, which commended him to numerous early Christian thinkers. He wrote nothing; his teachings were set down by his disciple Arrian. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) 0 14:212 17:373 XIV:163

Epicurus (341-270 Be), Greek philosopher, author of an ethical philosophy of simple pleasure, friendship, and retirement. He founded schools of philosophy that survived directly from the 4th century BC until the 4th century AD. (Enc. Br.) Der: Epicurean(s);

Epicureanism a 3:32, 98 4:109, 298 5:58 12:484 14:57 16:362 18:398 19:879 20:20 V:63, 75 XIV: 145, 163

Epigoni in Greek legend, the sons of the Seven (Heroes) Against Thebes. Ten years after the fathers of the Seven died at Thebes, and long before the Trojan War, the Heroes avenged their fathers under the leadership of Adrastus, the only surviving hero of the Seven. They conquered Thebes and gave the kingdom to Thersander, who was one of the Epigoni. (Col. Enc.) o 3:80

Epipsychidion a poem (1821) by Shelley, part spiritual autobiography, part praise of ideal love. It is one of the three greatest things Shelley has left to us on the larger scale. A girl known at Pisa, Emila Viviani, helped to inspire this poem. (Col. Enc.; A) a 9: 127, 528

Epirote of EpiRus. (M.I.) u 5:469

Epirus ancient province of Greece, on the Ionian Sea, a region now in northwestern Greece and southern Albania. (Col. Enc.; M.I.) a 5:484, 486

Erasmus, Desiderius (c. 1466-1536), Dutch humanist and ordained priest of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the greatest patristic and classical scholar of the northern humanist Renaissance. Erasmus combined a vast learning with a keen, often malicious humour. His original works, written in Latin, are mainly satirical and critical. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) D XIV: 127

Eratosthenes Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276-c. 194 BC), Greek scholar known for

his versatility. He wrote poetry, and prose works (most of them lost) on literature, the theatre, mathematics, astronomy, geography, and philosophy. He is credited with measur- ing correctly the circumference and tilt of the earth and the size and distance of the sun and the moon. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 3:338

Erebus in Greek religion, primeval Darkness, sprung from Chaos. The name is applied to that part of the underworld through which the souls of the dead pass to reach Hades. It was regarded as the abode oftheEpiNNYEs. (M.I.) n 1:693 3:31 5:404 6:47

Eremite a character in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune. (Note: This common noun meaning "hermit" has by oversight been mentioned in the Dramatis Personae of the play as if it were a proper name, and bracketed with the captains of the Syrian army.) D 6:333, 414-16, 433

Eric a dramatic romance written by Sri Aurobindo in Pondicherry in 1912 or 1913. (I & G) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. -27]

Eric a character – the hero, king of Norway and son of Yarislaf- in Sri Aurobindo’s Eric, a dramatic romance, a 6:473, 477-82, 485-96, 499-502, 504-12, 514-42, 544-49, 552-58

Erin poetic name of Ireland. (Col. Enc.) D 5:11 6:543 7:885

Erinna a character participating in "A Dialogue" (incomplete) written by Sri Aurobindo at Cambridge sometime around 1891. (A&R, II:91) a 11:5-9

Erinny(e)s Erinyes, in Greek mythology, the goddesses of vengeance, usually represented as three winged maidens, with snakes in their hair. They pursued criminals, drove them mad, and tormented them in Hades. They were spirits of punishment, avenging wrongs done especially to kindred. In Roman litera- ture they were called Furies. (Enc. Br.;

Col. Enc.; M.I.) a 5:394.495 6:44 XV: 2

Ermenild SeeHermengild.

Eros in Greek religion, god of love. Usually, he was known as the son of Aphrodite and Ares. In archaic art he was represented as a beautiful winged youth armed with bow and arrows, but tended to be made younger and younger until, by the Hellenistic period, he was an infant. (Enc. Br.) 1-1 5:31 6:422 9: 543 II: 6-7

Erse also called Scots Gaelic or the Scottish Gaelic language; a member of the Goidelic group of Celtic languages, spoken by about 81, 000 persons living along the northwest coast of Scotland and in the Hebrides islands. Scottish Gaelic is a recent offshoot of the Irish language. (Enc. Br.) D 15:390

Eryx an ancient city in northwest Sicily. It had a famous temple to Aphrodite. The site is now occupied by the village of Erice. (Col. Enc.) a 5:501

Esarhaddon Esar-Haddon, king of ancient Assyria (680-669 Be), one of the most powerful of the Assyrian kings. (Enc. Br.;

Col. Enc.; A) a 3:110 7:1085-86 IX: 28

Esau in the Old Testament, the elder of the twin sons of Isaac. See also Jacob. (Enc. Br.) D 1:172, 394

Esperanto an artificial language designed like Volapuk as a medium for persons of all nations. It was developed in 1887 by Ludwik Zamenhof, a Polish oculist. Esperanto enthusiasts have published extensively. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) a 15:484 26:321

Essay on Criticism a didactic poem by Pope, in heroic couplets, published anonymously in 1711. The work is remarkable as having been written when Pope was only twenty-one, and it is with this publication that Pope made his name. (Ox. Comp.; Enc. Br.) a 1:10

Essays on the Gita a book of essays on the Bhagawad Gita written by Sri Aurobindo. The essays were first published in Arya in two series. In book form the First Series came out in 1922 and the Second Series in 1928. A combined edition of both series was first brought out in 1950. (I & G) a 23:848, 1069 24:1415 26:40, 176, 370-71 XVII: 70

Essays on Yoga working title of what was later published as Essays on the Gita. a XXII: 164

Essence of Vedanta the title, translated into English, of the book Vedantasdra written in Sanskrit by SADANANDA. It is one of the best known epitomes of the Adwaita philosophy as taught by Shankaracharya’. It has 227 Sutras (aphorisms), of which Sri Aurobindo translated the first sixteen. (Ved. S.) n 12:440

L’Essence unique sub-title of the first part of the instalment of "Les Paroles eternelles" that appeared in the French edition of Arya in September 1914. An English translation by Sri Aurobindo, "The Soul Essence", came out in the English edition of the same month. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Essene a religious sect or brotherhood that flourished in Palestine from about the second century BC to the end of the first century AD. The Essenes clustered in monastic communi- ties. Like the Pharisees, they meticulously observed the Law of Moses, the Sabbath, and ritual purity. They also professed belief in immortality and divine punishment for sin. But unlike the Pharisees, the Essenes denied the resurrection of the body and refused to immerse themselves in public life. (Enc. Br.) n XVI: 181

Estelle a feminine name used by Sri Aurobindo. Q 5:9

Estrild a character – concubine of Humber and a Pictish princess – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The House of Brut. D 7:883, 886-87

Eternal Wisdom, The English translation by Sri Aurobindo of Les Paroles eternelles published serially in Arya. This journal stopped coming out after January 1921, leaving a considerable amount of work unpublished. Part of the translation was brought out in book form from Madras in 1922. Only Volume 1, comprising the Introduction, Book I, and the first section of Book II, was published. The remaining sections (ii-iv) of Book II, Book III contain- ing nine sections, and the Conclusion were declared as the contents of "forthcoming" volumes which, however, .never came out. (A) a 27:456

Ethiope in classical literature, poetic form of Ethiopian. (O.C.C.L.) o 27:128

Ethiopian (native) of Ethiopia (ancient Abyssinia), an empire of east central Africa. The name Abyssinia, although never official, was formerly widely applied to the country. (Col. Enc.) a 7:561, 606, 608

Etna name of a volcano on the east coast of Sicily. It is the highest active volcano in Europe. (Col. Enc.) a 29:507

Etruscan (native) of ancient Etruria, a country of west central Italy, now forming Tuscany and part of Umbria. (Col. Enc.) a 3:480

Eucken, Rudolf Christoph (1846-1926), German idealist philosopher, interpreter of Aristotle, and author of works in ethics and religion. His work attained wide popularity, and he was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize for literature. (Enc. Br.) a 17:320

Eugene Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736), Austrian general, considered by many the greatest military strategist of his time. He was a major influence on such later rulers and generals as Frederick II the Great and Napoleon. (Enc. Br.) n 7:847

Euhemeros also spelled as Euhemerus, Euemeros, or Evemerus (fl. 300 BC), Greek mythographer who established the tradition of seeking an actual historical basis for mythical beings and events. (Enc. Br.) n 4:22

Eumachus in Greek mythology, a wealthy Troj an, brother of Creiisa. (M.I.) n 5:461

Eunice a character – daughter of Prince Nicanor and cousin to Antiochus and Timocles; companion of Cleopatra – in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune. D 6:333, 335-42, 356-57, 360-62, 371-73, 376-79, 389-90, 394-96, 401, 404, 406, 408-09, 413-14, 418, 428, 430-31, 435, 440, 442, 446, 448-49, 451-52, 455-58, 465, 468

Euphrates a river of southwest Asia. Rising in eastern Turkey, it flows to Iraq where it joins the Tigris to form the Shatt-al-Arab. (Enc. Br.) Der: Euphratic a 5:13, 263, 414 6:99, 354, 380

Euphrosyne’ one of the three Greek goddesses called Graces (the other two being Aglaia and Thalia), daughter of Zeus and Eurynome. The Graces are personifications of beauty and charm, and often associated with the Muses, Dionysus, Eros, and Aphrodite. (Col. Enc.) n 5:31

Euphrosyne2 a character – the maid of the farm, Christofir’s daughter – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Maid in the Mill. D 7:821, 874

Eurasian (person) of mixed European and Asian parentage; of Europe and Asia. (C.O.D.) a l:l02 2:367

Euripides (c. 484-406 BC) , the youngest of Athens’ three greatest tragic poets (the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles). He wrote perhaps 92 plays, of which only 19 are extant. His plays suggest that he found the universe unpredictable and on the whole dreadful. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 9:304, 521 14:192 15:339

Europe western peninsular extension of the Eurasian landmass, larger only than Australia among the continents. (Enc. Br.) Der: European; Europeanise(d);

Europeanising; Europeanism Q 1:21, 27, 36, 40, 48, 50, 63, 74, 103, 108, 121, 151-52, 154, 163, 178, 189, 240, 243, 257, 259-61, 271-72, 305, 343, 347, 349, 362-63, 371, 396, 408, 411, 414, 449, 453, 465, 467-68, 470-72, 487, 504, 511, 525-26, 536, 538, 552, 555, 557, 573-74, 576-77, 603, 620,

625, 654-55, 662, 666, 710, 714, 718, 728, 730, 737, 757-60, 762, 768-71, 790, 807, 813-16, 826, 842-44, 860-62, 880, 882, 884, 902 2:11-12, 14, 17-18, 20, 26, 28-31, 34-40, 42, 49, 51, 63, 73, 77-78, 81, 83-85, 88, 95, 105-06, 118, 122, 147, 160, 164, 167-69, 172, 195, 205, 209-10, 212-13, 216-18, 236, 241, 247-48, 252-54, 256-57, 263, 265-66, 268, 271, 279-80, 288, 291-92, 305-06, 350-51, 359-61, 367, 374, 378, 385, 390-91, 394, 396-97, 399, 402-05, 408, 411 3:6, 77, 79, 83, 85, 94, 102, 111-14, 116-17, 120, 122-23, 126, 128, 142-43, 164, 171, 174, 177-78, 180-81, 189, 197-98, 224, 227, 232, 234, 243, 262-63, 292, 303-05, 307, 330, 334, 338-40, 345, 350, 352, 358-59, 363, 370, 375, 380, 388-89, 393-94, 404, 413-15, 417-19, 422, 424-25, 427-28, 431, 433, 437-39, 446-48, 454-56, 458-59, 481-82, 484 4:24, 44, 81, 92, 98, 109, 143, 148, 151-52, 154-55, 159, 162-63, 165-66, 212, 214-15, 251-52, 257, 273, 278, 282, 291-93, 298, 301, 304, 310, 332 5: 56, 145, 404-05, 428, 469, 484-86, 492 7:567, 665, 1027, 1031 9:2, 19, 36, 42, 44-47, 62, 83, 91, 110-11, 134, 144, 189, 237, 246, 252, 283, 286-88, 307, 322, 406, 423, 432, 445, 453-54, 496, 517, 522, 529, 536, 546, 554 10:2-4, 6, 16-24, 28, 31, 34, 37, 106, 193, 333, 352-53, 448, 494, 545-47, 552, 555-57 11:2, 7, 15, 471 12:8, 10, 23-24, 40, 53-54, 56, 58, 408, 478, 485-86, 494, 497-99, 502, 504, 508, 522, 536, 538 13:12, 28, 147, 160. 162, 495, 505, 544 14:1-11, 13-20, 23, 25, 31-35, 37-38, 46-47, 51. 54, 56-58, 60-61, 67, 69, 73, 76-83, 89-91, 95-97, 99. 103, 121-22, 128-30. 133-35, 145, 147-48, 152, 156-57, 174, 176-78, 180, 182, 184-85, 190-93, 200-03, 205, 207, 213-14, 216-17, 220, 222-23, 226-29, 231, 233-34, 237, 246-47, 251, 253, 256-58, 260, 270, 305, 310, 316, 322, 324. 329, 336-38, 340, 345, 349-50, 362, 364-66, 378-80, 387-89, 392-93, 397-402, 404-05, 408-09, 411, 413, 415, 417-18, 420, 422.424, 426, 430-31 15:2, 9-12, 14-16, 19-20, 22-23, 25-26, 32, 44-46, 48, 50, 59, 69, 79, 84, 86-87, 147-48, 163-64, 168, 178, 189, 192, 196, 210, 225, 263-64, 269-70, 281, 286, 289, 292, 296-99, 301-02, 312, 314, 316-17, 319-21, 323-25. 327-33, 337, 339-40, 343, 345, 347-49, 351-53, 355, 358, 364-68, 377-78, 380-84, 391, 407-08, 411-20, 422, 426, 430, 435, 445-47, 454, 456, 458, 469, 478, 480, 487-88, 491, 493-94, 496, 502-04, 508, 513-14, 519, 525, 528, 530, 537, 566-67, 584, 589-90, 604, 609, 614, 620, 626-27, 633-35. 638, 640-41, 644-49, 651, 653 16: 79. 90, 92, 225, 228-29, 241, 262, 275, 309-14, 322-23, 325-27, 335, 362, 365, 370, 427-28 17:82-83, 87, 114, 117, 119-20, 125, 153, 158, 168, 180-82, 184-85, 191, 193, 195-96, 203, 209-10, 212, 217, 219, 231-32, 238, 241, 244-45, 248, 257-58, 268-69, 274-77, 279-80, 283-84, 290, 294, 298-99, 302, 313-14, 317-18, 324, 337-38, 340, 342, 351, 371, 377-78, 380, 383, 385-86, 393, 404 18:9. 376 19:650, 763, 1051-52 20:10, 18, 130.260, 292, 345, 363, 365, 428, 434, 476 22: 5, 32, 61, 67-68, 77, 85, 128, 131, 153, 157, 160, 174, 184, 190,

205-06, 209, 214, 306, 321, 354, 393, 408, 421, 452, 468, 481, 489 23:510, 547, 553, 555-59, 563, 617, 676, 767, 861-62, 1031, 1048 24:1164, 1256, 1298, 1388, 1496, 1510-11, 1515, 1517, 1521, 1523, 1570, 1585, 1587, 1657, 1731, 1742 25:96, 230, 241, 365-66 26:1, 6-7, 39, 90, 130, 214, 262, 282, 354, 365-66, 388, 403, 406, 425, 431, 482 27:18, 45, 51-52, 93, 96, 99, 103, 110-11, 115, 122, 124, 150, 163, 165-66, 180-85, 202, 204, 209, 217, 269, 285, 299, 309, 312, 347-48, 355, 371, 434, 438, 440, 442-43, 453, 460, 467, 476, 479, 486, 490 29:800, 803 1:8, 21, 26, 29-31, 42, 48, 56-58, 67 11:7-, 84, 88 III: 1-2, 5, 7, 9, 13, 22, 25, 29, 53, 85 IV: 161-63, 167 V: 17, 79, 97 VI: 157, 177, 191, 193, 195-201 VII: 7, 15, 19-20 VIII: 133, 169, 171, 173-74, 176-78, 188-91, 193-95 IX: 17, 22, 27, 29-33 X: 141, 146, 186 XII: 152-53 XIII: 23, 25, 28-30, 32, 36-37′, 47 XIV: 118, 120-28, 130-31, 145, 164, 168 XV: 3-4, 6-7, 9, 11-15, 18-19, 21-23.25, 30, 64-67, 70.76-77 XVI: 132-37, 144-45, 148, 153, 181-84, 190 XVII: 9-11, 19, 26, 28-29, 34, 36-42, 44-48, 66, 73 XVIII: 153-58, 160-61, 163, 168 XIX: 35.64, 68, 73, 78 XX: 148 XXI: 102 XXII: 127

Eurotas the modern Iris, a river in the southern Peloponnesus or Morea, the southernmost region of continental Greece. Sparta was on the banks of the Eurotas. (Col. Enc.;M.I.) a 5:411, 434, 440, 465

Eurus in Greek legend, the youngest son of Polydamas, who in Sri Aurobindo’s llion (p.443)isasonofAntenor. (M.I.) a 5:443-45, 447, 456, 459-60

Eurydice in Greek mythology, a nymph, wife of ORPHEUS. (CoI.Enc.) a 27:153

Euxine the Greek name for the Black Sea. (O.C1.D.) D 5:383, 391

Evangeline a long narrative poem (1847) by Longfellow; it is a tale in hexameters about the British expulsion of the French Acadians from Nova Scotia. (Enc. Br.) D 5:346 11:27

Evans-Wentz, Dr. W. Y. of Jesus College, Oxford, a well-known author of several books, including The Tibetan Book of the Dead, Tibet’s Great Yogi Milarepa, Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines, and The Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation. n 22:67

Evaya Marut in the Veda, a name of Vishnu, one from whom the Maruts sprang;

the forcefully moving Thought-God. . (A;A&R, V:28) a 10:333 V:28

Eve in the Hebrew Bible, the first woman, wife of Adam and the mother of Cain, Abel, and Seth. She was beguiled by the serpent into eating the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. Eve then tempted Adam to eat, whereupon they were banished from the Garden of Eden. (Col. Enc.) a 12:46 14:203-04 17:137 18:51 26:259 29: 798

The Eve of St. Agnes a poem by John Keats, written in 1819 and published shortly before his death in 1821. It is based on a legend that maidens were allowed to have a sight of their future husbands on the eve of St. Agnes’ feast day. (Ox. Comp.) a 9:130

Excalibur in Arthurian legend, name of the sword that the Lady of the Lake gave to King Arthur. (Col. Enc.) a 1:365

Expansion of England an historical work (1883) by Sir John Robert Seeley. (Col. Enc.) a 2:356 3:471

Extremist (Party) a term applied to the Indian Nationalists first by the London Times. It was taken up by the Moderates in India and came into active use after the partition of Bengal in 1905. This "nickname of party warfare" was rejected by the "Extremists" themselves, who preferred to call themselves Nationalists or the New Party. The label, however, stuck; and it is used by all historians of the period. (A.B.T., p. 90; A) Der: Extremism D 1:178, 191, 201, 207, 227, 232, 254, 264, 280, 296-98, 303, 319, 324, 336, 350, 362, 390, 409, 418, 460, 556, 562-63, 584, 590-91, 593, 597, 600, 607, 610, 615, 626-27, 670, 674, 809-10, 828, 838-41, 906-09 2:75 4:183, 203, 235, 244, 268 14:9 26:27, 29-30, 35, 42, 45, 48 27:59-61 IV: 109-12 Vin: 123 XVII: 67

Ezra the book of Ezra in the Old Testament. The books of Ezra and Nehemiah were originally circulated a? a single book (Ezra), but eventually each book assumed the name of its principal figure, and both together form a sequel to the books of the Chronicles. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

F

Fabian Society Socialist society founded in 1883-84 in London, having as its goal the establishment of a democratic Socialist state in Great Britain. The Fabians put their faith  in evolutionary Socialism rather than

in revolution. (The name of the society is derived from the Roman general Fabius Cunctator, whose patient and elusive tactics in avoiding pitched battles secured his ultimate victory over stronger forces.) The Fabians at first attempted to permeate the Liberal and Conservative parties with Socialist ideas, but later they helped to organize the separate Labour Representative Committee, which became the Labour Party in 1906. The Fabian Society has since been affiliated with the Labour Party. (Enc. Br.) a 9:552 26:5

Fadnavis See Nana Fadnavis

Faerie Queene; Faery Queen an unfinished poem (1590-96) in six books by Edmund Spenser. It is his masterpiece and one of the greatest poems written in English. In it Spenser gave allegorical expression to his moral, political, and religious opinions. The so-called "Spenserian stanza" in which this poem is written is Spenser’s chief contribu- tion to English verse form. (Col. Enc.) 0 9:62, 75, 113, 361

Fafner variant of Fafnir, in the (Norse) mythology of the Nibelungenlied, a son of the magician Hreidmar. In the form of a dragon he guarded the gold which was paid in atonement for the death of Otr. He was slain by Sigurd (see Sigurd’). (Enc. Am.) D 10:183

Fairbanks, Douglas (1883-1939), American motion-picture actor and producer whose real name was Douglas Eiton Ulman. He was one of the first and greatest of the swashbuckling screen heroes. (Enc. Br.) 0 26:378

Fairclough, A. R. (A is a misprint for H) Henry Rushton Fairclough (1862-1938), American philologist, assistant professor and professor of classical literature at Leiand Stanford University (1893-1902), visiting lecturer/professor in Greek and Latin at Harvard (1925-26) and at Amherst (1927-29), and professor at the American School of Classical Studies, Rome. He edited and translated numerous Greek and Latin texts. (Enc. Am.) a 9:374

Faizuddin Hossein, Maulavi a judge who tried cases of looting in Jamalpur (Bengal) in 1907. (A) a 1:440-41

Falstaff Sir John Falstaff, the leading character in Shakespeare’s comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor, also presented as one of the irregular humorists in King Henry the Fourth. Falstaff, perhaps the greatest

and most famous comic character in all English literature, is an original creation of Shakespeare. (Shakes.; Enc. Br.) D 4:284 17:96 26:67

Far East region of the world comprising the eastern edge of Asia and various adjacent areas. Most definitions include Eastern Siberia, China, the Mongolian People’s Republic, North and South Korea, and Japan, and may also include Southeast Asia, the Philippines, Indonesia, the Malay penin- sula and archipelago, and the Indian sub- continent. (Enc. Br.) Der: Far Eastern D 1:260-61, 814-15 9:97, 253, 283 14:237 15:367, 569, 644 24:1565

Farced a character – son of Almuene – in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers ofBassora. 0 7:561, 566-67, 569-73, 579, 581-84, 589, 593, 624, 659, 661, 706-09, 715, 717-18

Faridpur name of a district and its head- quarters in the Dacca division of Bengal (now in Bangladesh). (Enc. Br.) a 1:77, 357, 477-78 2:200 4:229

Fascist follower of Fascism, a political attitude and mass movement that acquired considerable power in Europe between World Wars I and II. Fascist parties emphasized nationalism, and authority centred in a leader. The word Fascism was first used in 1919 by Mussolini in Italy. The movement reached its zenith in the Germany of Hitler. (Enc. Br.) n 15:17, 20, 45, 189, 193, 196, 327, 376, 380, 390, 424, 449-50, 466, 472, 478-80, 485 22:152 26:40, 346

Fate See Fate(s)

Patehpur-Sikri a deserted ancient city, a rocky locality 23 miles west of Agra where the famous Muslim saint Shaikh Salim Chisti resided. In honour of the saint and with the purpose of residing there himself. Emperor Akbar converted Sikri into a royal town. Numerous magnificent buildings were constructed within a few years. Fatehpur- Sikri was Akbar’s capital for about 15 years from 1570. It eventually was abandoned because of the lack of water. (D.I.H.) a 3:422 14:224

Fate(s) also called Moirai, three Greek goddesses of destiny, daughters of Zeus and Themis, who controlled the lives of men. They were Clotho, who spun the thread of life, Lachesis, who measured its length, and Atropos, who cut it. (Col. Enc.) 0 [Note:

"Fate" is often personified, or its initial letter capitalized, in Sri Aurobindo’s writings. It has been indexed only when it refers expressly to one of these Greek goddesses.] 5:420, 426, 437, 463-64, 468, 510 16:283 XV: 2

Faustus The Tr’agical History of Doctor Faustus (1593) by Marlowe, based on a German legend, the tale of a learned doctor who surrendered his soul to the devil in exchange for youth, knowledge, and magical power. (Col. Enc.; Web.) a 3:186

Fear title of a poem (in free verse) by Evelyn Scott, published in the American journal Poetry and reproduced or quoted in the second number of Shama’a that was reviewed by Sri Aurobindo in Arya. (A) a 17:321

The Feast of Youth a collection of poems (1918) by Harindranath Chattopadhyay. It was his first published book and showed great promise. The collection takes its name from its first poem. (A; S.F.F., p. 977) a 17:304-05

Federation (Hall) Ground an assembly hall and ground at 294 Upper Circular Road, Calcutta; it is a meeting ground and a symbol of the union between East and West Bengal. (Guide) a 1:795, 813, 820 4:198, 207 VI:123

Felix, Antonius (fl. AD 60), Roman pro- curator of Judea, Samaria, Galilee, and Peraea from c. 52 to c. 60. The apostle Paul addressed him at Caesarea on righteousness and the judgement to come, and was held in custody for two years. (Col. Enc.) 0 1:597

Fenian(ism) The Fenian movement was an Irish nationalist secret society active chiefly in Ireland, the United States, and Britain, especially during the 1860s. Its object was to promote revolution and overthrow English government in Ireland. The name derives from "fiann", "feinne", the legendary band of Irish warriors led by Finn MacCumhaill. (Enc.Br.;C.O.D.) a 1:351 2:399

Fenwick one of those members of the Labour Party in England who represented the old-world element (individualistic leaven) and were required in 1909 to quit the Labour organisation which had become predomi- natingly socialistic. (A) a 2:285

Ferdinand’ probably Ferdinand II the Catholic, of Aragon (1452-1516), who united the Spanish kingdoms into a nation and began Spain’s entry into the modem period of imperialistic expansion. (Enc. Br.) D 15:357

Ferdinand2 a character – son of the king of Naples – in Shakespeare’s comedy The Tempest. (Shakes.) a 4:64 26:335, 337

Ferguson’ Robert Fergusson (1750-74), Scottish lyric poet, one of the leading figures of the 18th-century revival of Scots vernacular writing and the chief forerunner of Robert Burns. He wrote in English as well as in Scots, but his English verse has little value. (Enc. Br.) a u: n

Ferguson2 James Fergusson (1808-86), historian and archaeologist, an authority and author of many books on ancient Indian architecture. He was given the designation "Inspector of Public Buildings and Monuments". (Enc. Ind.) 1-1 14:47

Ferguson, J. D. a modern English artist. A portrait done by him formed the frontispiece of the second number of Shama ‘a. (A) D 17:314, 316

Ferguson College an old and famous college of Poona (now spelled Pune) in the former province of Bombay (now in Maharashtra state). It was started with the object of giving a remodelled and national education to the young so as to fit them for the service of the country. On its staff worked scholars and leaders like Paranjpe and Gokhale. (A.H.I.; N.S.I.) a 1:479, 717 17:291, 350

Feringhee an Indian term for European, especially Indian-born Portuguese, but applied loosely to white men of every nation. (C.O.D.) a 1:219, 221

Ferrer, Senor (Francisco) Francisco Ferrer Guardia (1859-1909), Spanish educator and politician. He was executed for taking part in the violent uprising in Barcelona in 1909. His death was viewed by liberals everywhere as a judicial murder. (Col. Enc.) n 2:252 4:212, 215

Perrers, Norman a contemporary of Sri Aurobindo at Cambridge, whose recitation of a very Homeric line from Clough gave Sri Aurobindo the clue to the discovery of the true quantitative hexameter in English, the real swing (or "lilt") of the meter. Ferrers later practised as a barrister at the Straits Settlement. In 1908 when the Alipore Bomb Case was going on, Ferrers passed through Calcutta on his way to Singapore. He went to the High Court and was anxious to help Sri Aurobindo, but did not know how to do so. (Purani) a 11:28

Festus, Porcius (fl. AD 60), Roman procurator (60-62) of Judaea. He was just in his administration of the province. Finding

Paul in prison, he gave him a fair hearing before King Agrippa and then sent him to Rome. (Col. Enc.) a 1:597

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814), German philosopher, the first of the great transcendental Idealists. His philosophy had considerable influence in his day, but later he was remembered more as a patriot and a liberal. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 15:34

Fielding the author of a book on Burma. a 14:43

Fielding, Henry (1707-54), English novelist and playwright, author of Tom Jones and other well-known works. He and Samuel Richardson are considered the founders of the English novel. (Enc. Br.) a 3:87, 92-93

Fife former county on the east coast of Scotland. It lies principally in the lowlands, rising north toward the eastern extension of the Ochil Hills and south to the Lomand Hills. (Enc.Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Fifine at the Fair a poem (1872) by Robert Browning. (Ox. Comp.) a 9:542

Fiji Melanesian island group in the South Pacific, comprising 250 islands of which 80 are inhabited. Fiji was the most important British colony in the Pacific. (Col. Enc.) n 15:78 XVII: 26

Filipinos natives and citizens of the Philippines, a group of some 7, 000 islands and rocks off Southeast Asia, in the Malay Archipelago. (Col. Enc.) 0 1:260 2:216 15:508

Finland country (now a republic) in northern Europe, northeast of the Baltic Sea. (Col. Enc.) Der: Finn(s) 0 15:299, 512-14, 517-19

Finnish member of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, spoken in Finland by more than five million persons. Finnish has a written tradition dating from the 16th century. It achieved official status in Finland, replacing Swedish, in 1809. The publication in 1835 of the Kalevala, a national epic poem based on Finnish folk- lore, aroused Finnish national feeling and in the century that followed Finnish gradually became the predominant language in govern- ment and education. (Enc. Br.) 0 26:234

Firdausi (c. 935-c. 1020/26), principal Persian poet, author of the Shah-namah (Book of Kings), the Persian national epic. Basing his poem mainly on an earlier prose

version, Firdausi gave to the Shah-namah its final and enduring form. (Enc. Br.) a 14:285 26:233-34

Fire See Agni

Fire title of a poem by Harindranath Chattopadhyay, published in his collection, The Feast of Youth that was reviewed by Sri Aurobindo in Arya. (A) a 17:306-07

Fish known as Pisces in Latin, and Mina in Hindu astronomy, a zodiacal constellation lying directly south of Andromeda. It is described as two fishes with one end of a long rope tied to the tail of each. Although Pisces is the 12th (last) sign of the zodiac, the vernal equinox which marks the beginning of the astronomical year is now located in this constellation. (Col. Enc.) a 17:257-58, 260

Fish Avatar the first of the ten incarnations of Vishnu. D 22:402

Fitton, Mary (baptised 1578, died c. 1647), an Englishwoman, considered by some to be the still mysterious "dark lady" of Shakes- peare’s sonnets, though her authenticated biography does not suggest acquaintance with Shakespeare. (Enc. Br.) a 3:230

Fitzgerald’ Lord Edward Fitz-Gerald (1763-98), Irish rebel renowned for his gallantry and courage; a leading conspirator behind the uprising of 1798 against British rule in Ireland. (Enc. Br.) n 1:413

Fitzgerald2 Edward FitzGerald (1809-83), English poet, translator of Omar Khayyam. His Rubaiyat (1859), one of the most popular of English poems, is actually a re-creation rather than a translation of the Persian poem, a "splendid misrepresentation of Omar Khayyam" (26: 254). (Col. Enc.; A) a 26:254 27:90

Flame See Agni

Flame-Wind a poem in a new metre by Sri Aurobindo, written in 1942. (A) D 26:239, 252, 258 29:785, 797

Flaminia a character in Sri Aurobindo’s incomplete play The Maid in the Mill. Var:

Flmainia (a misprint) a 7:880

Flanders historic region in the southwest of the Low Countries (the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg), now divided between the French departement of Nord, the Belgian provinces of East Flanders and West Flanders, and the Dutch province of Zeeland. (Enc. Br.) n 15:348

Flandin a candidate for election to the French Chamber in 1920. (A) a 27:484

Flaubert, Gustave (1821-80), French novelist regarded as the pioneer of the Realist school of French literature. The Mother admired him as a perfectionist of his art: "He does not produce in much abundance but the little he writes is flawlessly done." (Enc. Br.; M.I., Jan.’79, p. 15) o 9:545

Flecker, James Eiroy (1884-1915), English poet and playwright. He was outstanding in his use of vivid images and varied verse forms to evoke atmosphere and feeling. (Enc. Br.) a 26:339, 341-43

Fleet Street centre of journalism in London, named after the Fleet River, now a sewer under Farrington Street. (Col. Enc.) a 1:365

Flemings one of the two predominant cultural and linguistic groups of modern Belgium (the other being the WALLOONS). The Flemings speak dialects of Dutch known as Flemish, and live mainly in the north and west. (Enc. Br.) a 15:417

Flemish (language) of FLANDERS. Flemish is the name given by speakers of English to the Netherlandic language of Belgium. (C.O.D.;Enc.Br.) n 15:417

Fletcher, Justice one of the two judges of Calcutta High Court who passed judgement in the Bloomfield Murder Case in 1907. Later, in November 1910, Justice Fletcher along with Justice Holmwood, in his separate but concurring judgement, set aside the conviction and ordered the release of Manmohan Ghose, printer of the Karma- yogin, who had been sentenced to 6 months’ rigorous imprisonment by the Chief Presi- dency Magistrate for the publication of the "seditious" article "To My Countrymen" contributed to the paper by Sri Aurobindo on December 25, 1909. (A; Auro-II) 0 1:503-04, 512 XIX:38fn.

Florence’ See Nightingale, Florence

Florence2 city and capital of Tuscany in central Italy, at the southern foot of the Apennines. (Col. Enc.) a 3:480

Florimel a name used by Sri Aurobindo in his poem Songs to Myrtilla. D 5:5

Ford, Henry (1863-1947), American industrialist who revolutionized factory production with his assembly-line methods. (Enc. Br.) n 24:1248

Forgael a character in Yeats’ play The Shadowy Waters, n 9:533

Formosa an island in the Pacific Ocean, separated from the mainland of South China by the Formosa Strait. Japan acquired it in 1895 by a treaty after the First

Sino- Japanese War. At the end of the hostilities in the Second World War (1945), Formosa was returned to China. Now known as Taiwan, it is the seat of the exiled "Nationalist" Chinese government. (Col. Enc.) a 4:157 15:293

Fort William a fort named after King William III, built during the years 1696-1715 to give protection to the city of Calcutta. The original site was later vacated and a new site, on the east bank of the River Hooghly, was chosen; here Fort William still stands. (D.I.H.; Guide) o 1:243

Fowler, Sir Henry Hartley (1830-1911), 1st Viscount Wolverhampton and an M.P. from 1880 to 1908. He became Secretary of State for India in 1894, under Lord Rosebery, and continued in this office up to June 1895. He was made a peer in 1908. D 1:849

Fowler, F. G. Frank George Fowler, who died in 1918 as a result of war service. He was brother of H. W. Fowler. See also the next two entries. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) n 26:319-20

Fowler, H. W. Henry Watson Fowler (1858-1933), English lexicographer and commentator on English usage and style. He and his brother collaborated on the abridg- ment of the Oxford English Dictionary (in one volume, 1911), and also on The King’s English (1906). (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) n 26:319-20

Fowler(s) H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler. The word "Fowler" has also been used for the abridgment of the Oxford English Dictionary (The Concise Oxford Dictionary) done by the Fowler brothers, o 26:321-22, 324-27

France a country (and republic) of western Europe, washed by the English Channel in the north, the Atlantic Ocean with the Bay of Biscay in the west, and the Mediterranean in the south. (Col. Enc.) Der: French (in senses other than the language);

Frenchmen; Frenchwoman

D 1:23, 30-32, 34, 37-39, 41-42, 48, 56, 261, 273, 349, 411, 435, 467, 507, 526, 604, 618.620, 648, 737, 758, 842, 898 2: 33-34, 48, 147, 164, 254, 342, 367, 376, 410 3:79, 96, 181, 224-25, 350, 355, 447, 454, 457, 459 4:152, 157, 167, 206, 212, 291, 306 5:173, 485, 505, 596 7:825, 827, 886, 1018, 1027, 1031 9:18, 46-47, 59-60, 62-63, 81, 87, 91, 100, 132, 134, 151, 192, 305, 405, 409, 414, 476, 480-81, 545, 560 10:553 12:474, 499 13:160 14:17, 57, 191, 214, 349, 367,

417 15:1, 25, 61, 264, 275, 288-91, 295, 297, 301, 303, 305, 310, 312, 316, 320-21, 324, 326-27, 348- 49, 353, 356-57, 360, 375, 380-81, 389, 410, 412, 415-17, 421-22, 428, 433, 444, 447, 467, 478, 480, 496, 500, 504-05, 510, 512, 515-17, 525, 617, 620, 640-42, 645, 651 16:82, 104, 322, 324 17:112, 117, 233, 244, 295, 298, 317-18, 377, 379-81, 384-85, 397, 403 22:185, 490 24:1570, 1577 25: 230, 360, 377 26:1, 3, 7, 17, 36, 38, 40, 66-67, 71, 394-95, 417-18 27:11, 280, 285, 424, 426, 442-43, 448-50, 453, 456-57, 466-67, 469, 471-72, 484, 500-01 I: 8, 16 II: 15 III: 27-28 IV: 169 VI: 196 X:186 XI11:50 XV: 61 XVII: 10, 42, 69

France, Anatole pseudonym of Jacques Anatole Thibault (1844-1924), French writer, considered in his day the ideal Frenchman of letters, a refined artist; an ironic, sceptical, and urbane critic, and a highly civilized man. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for literature. (Enc. Br.) a 9:545, 551, 557-59

Francis Joseph Francis Joseph I (1830-1916), emperor of Austria from 1848, and king of Hungary from 1867. He enjoyed one of the longest reigns of any monarch in European history and became the symbol of Austrian unity. His policies antagonised the Russian empire, and in spite of his attempts to pre- serve the peace, he issued an intransigent ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) that led to World War I. (Enc. Br.) (From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. ’27]

Francis (ofAssisi), St. (11827-1226), one of the greatest of Christian saints, founder of a religious order called the Franciscans. (Col. Enc.) D 3:454 12:12.31 14:48, 66 20:365 22:417 26:137 IX:42-43

Franco Francisco Franco (Bahamonde) (1892-1975), Spanish general and dictator. He was the leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish Democratic Republic in the Civil War (1936-39), and was after 1936 head of the government of Spain. (Enc.Br.) n 15:478

Franco-Belgian concerning both France and Belgium, a 15:417

Franco-German war usually called the Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870-10 May 1871). It marked the end of French hege- mony in continental Europe and the foundation of the Prussian-dominated German empire. The forty-year period between the Franco-German War and the beginning of World War I was marked by an extremely unstable peace between the major powers of Europe. (Enc.Br.) a 15:467

Francois I Francis I of France (1494-1547), a monarch who in his person and actions combined the romantic ideal of the medieval knight-king and the refined humanism and art of the Renaissance. As king of France (1515-47), he profoundly altered the eco- nomic and social fabric of the realm as it passed from the Middle Ages toward the modern era. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Frangistan land of the FERINGHEES ; Europe, especially Portugal, o 7:574, 695

Frank (member of) a West Germanic people that entered the Roman provinces in AD 253, occupied the Netherlands and most of Gaul, and established themselves along the Rhine. (Web.N.C.D.) a 1:526 5:506, 596 15:290 III: 29

Frankenstein the hero of the book Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus (1818), a horror tale by Mary Wollstonecroft Shelley. Frankenstein is a young Swiss stu- dent who creates a monster which ultimately destroys him. The name is often inaccurately used for the monster itself, or for any inven- tion or creation which gets out of control or destroys its originator. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 1:51, 359 2:245 3:63

Fraser (3:180) a misspelling of FRAZER.

Fraser, Sir Andrew Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser (1848-1919), an Englishman in the Indian Civil Service from 1871. He was Lieutenant Governor of Bengal from November 1903 to November 1908. Early in 1903 Fraser suggested the transfer of Dacca and Mymensingh districts and Chittagong division from Bengal to Assam. This is thought to be "the real genesis of the partition of Bengal" which took place in 1905. (In fact, Fraser had proposed a partition even earlier, in February 1901, as Chief Commissioner of Central Provinces, in which he hinted at the severance of Orissa from Bengal and its tagging on to Central Provinces.) The fury of the people against him expressed itself in the form of two attempts on his life, on 6 December 1907, when a bomb was thrown at his train, and on 7 November 1908, when he was made the target of an attack. (I.F.F.; Purani; H.F.M.I.) a 1:258, 400, 408, 829 2:356 4:294 11:1

Frazer Robert Watson Frazer (1854-1921), orientalist, teacher and librarian in the Madras Civil Service from 1877 to 1921. He is author of A Literary History of India

(1898). (Enc.Ind.) a 3:180 ("Fraser" is a misspelling) 27:354

Free Hindustan a monthly journal published and managed by Tarak Nath Das. It was brought out from America, first appearing in April 1908. The first regular Indian propa- ganda sheet in the U.S.A., it won American, particularly Irish-American, sympathy and support. It was an imitation of the Indian Sociologist in general get-up and also in style, but was conducted with much less ability. The journal stopped publication in 1910. (P.T.I. ;S.F.F.) a 2:385

French for senses other than the language, see France

French (language) the official language of France’s 48 million inhabitants, one of the two official languages of Belgium, and one of the three official languages of Switzerland. With French-speaking peoples in many parts of the world, in Canada (Quebec and Ontario) and in countries belonging to the French Community, it may have a total of 80 million speakers. (Pears) a l: 195 3:79, 181 5:342 7:1022 9:19, 44, 46, 49, 58, 60-61, 87, 100, 106, 140, 147-48, 152, 181, 183, 196, 402, 405, 408-09, 421, 433, 454, 461-62, 467, 475, 479-81, 529-31, 545, 551 10:72, 571 14:191, 257 15:491 16:336 17:296, 397 23:703 24:1284, 1577, 1629 25:115, 279, 309, 368, 389, 400, 403 26:9, 67, 312-13, 320-21, 325, 327-28, 342-43, 366-67, 376 27:89, 456 29:780-81 1:16 11:15, 87 111:84-85 X:186 XIV: 163 XVII: 66, 73

French Academy Academic Francaise, French literary academy established in 1634 and incorporated in 1635, and existing, except for an interruption during the era of the French Revolution, to the present day. Its membership is limited to forty and has included most of the great names of French literature. Among the numerous European literary academies, it has consistently retained the highest prestige over the longest period of time. (Enc. Br.) D 1:32

French Revolution a European political upheaval that began in France in 1789 and continued until 1815. Based on liberal, democratic, and nationalist principles, it is considered the first of modern revolutions. By a series of wars, French rule was ex- tended throughout most of Europe and with it spread its liberal ideas, including popular sovereignty and civil equality. (Enc. Br.) Der: French Revolutionists n l: 648, 758, 898 2:254, 410 3:350, 355, 454 4:151, 306

9:91 12:474, 499 13:160 15:1, 324, 412, 416, 422, 428, 478, 510, 515-17, 525, 642 16:322, 324 17:112, 117, 233, 377-81, 385 27:285 VI: 196 VIII: 129

Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939), founder of psycho-analysis. His theories of mind had immense influence upon modern thought. (Enc. Br.; Pears) n 24:1606

Freya (sometimes spelled Freyja) in Norse mythology, the goddess of love and beauty, sister of Frey. (Web.) a 6:478, 502, 521, 535, 556 7: 887

Friar Baltasar a proposed character – a pedagogue – mentioned in the Dramatis Personae of Sri Aurobindo’s play The Maid in the Mill. n 7: 821

Friend of India a journal started by the Serampore missionaries in 1818. It struck a Christian and reforming note. Later on it was incorporated with the Statesman of Calcutta, a paper opposed to the Nationalists. Sri Aurobindo often used the name "Friend of India" in ironic reference to the Statesman. (D.I.H.;A) a 1:172, 346-47, 354, 360-61, 435-36, 453, 543, 547, 550, 552, 561-63

Frisian of Friesland, the Frisian Islands, their people, or their language. The Frisian Islands are a chain of islands in the North Sea off the coast of the Netherlands and Germany. Although they form a single physical feature, it is customary to subdivide them into the West, East, and North Frisian Islands. (Web.; Enc. Br.) n m:26

Fiihrer German word for leader; it was under this title that Adolf Hitler ruled Nazi Germany. (Enc. Br.) a 15:193, 197, 356, 378, 506

Puller, Sir Bampfylde Sir Joseph Bampfylde Fuller (1854-1935), in I.C.S. from 1875;

Chief Commissioner of Assam (1902-05); in October 1905, appointed the first lieutenant governor of the newly created province of East Bengal and Assam. Against the anti- partition agitation, he let loose unbridled coercion in East Bengal, humiliating and insulting respected leaders, ruthlessly punishing teachers and students. He tried to rouse the Muslims against the movement. Loud demands were therefore made for his removal, and ultimately he resigned on 20 August 1906. He is the author of Studies of Indian Life and Sentiment (1910) and Empire of India (1913). (A; H.F.M.I.) Der: Fullerian; Fullerism D 1:88, 99, 131-33, 135-36, 148, 150, 155, 158,

164, 213, 218, 250, 269, 279, 322, 327, 373, 402, 482, 597-98, 600, 702 27:6-8, 22, 26 II: 1-3

Furies; Fury Roman name for the ERINNYES of Greek mythology. (M.I.) D 5:404-05, 417, 420, 430, 435-36, 453, 456-57, 466, 477 6:340, 461 8:201 16:338, 356-57 28:85, 96 29:480, 591

The Future Poetry title of a book by Sri Aurobindo, originally published as a series of articles in Arya between December 1917 and July 1920. The Future Poetry first came out in book-form in 1953. (I & G) a 9:303, 339, 354, 369, 542 26:276, 297, 332, 371

G

Gabriel’ (Hebrew, "man of God"), an archangel prominent in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; depicted in the Bible and the Koran as God’s messenger. In Christian art he is sometimes represented as a human figure with long hair and multicolored wings and often holding a sceptre or a lily. (Enc. Br.) a 1:435 7:639, 675, 697 X:113

Gabriel2 a proposed character – the Angel of Obeisance – mentioned in the Dramatis Personae of Sri Aurobindo’s play The Birth of Sin. a 7:901

Gades the oldest extant urban settlement in Spain, on a promontory south of the Baetis (Guadalquivir) estuary near the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar). It was a one- time rival of Phoenicia, and its wealth was derived from trade. The Romans called it Gades; its modern name is Cadiz. (M.I.) n 5:420, 422, 481, 505 6:380

Gadgil, M(ahadev) Balwant one of the persons who received Sri Aurobindo at Nasik Road station on 24 January 1908. (A) n 1:1

Gaebele, Jean Henri Frederic (1860-1936), Mayor of Pondicherry (1899 and 1908-28) and the most important figure, almost a dictator, for more than 25 years up to c. 1929. He was president of the Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of Agriculture, Ie Conseil General, and the head of many other organizations; also a senator or member of the Upper House of France. In the 1914 election to the French Chamber, he was an active and strong supporter of BLUYSEN. In 1918 Gaebele opposed the British Government’s demand for the extradition of Sri Aurobindo. Gaebele had come from

France to Pondicherry in 1884 and died here

in 1936. (A;Gaz.P.)

1-1 27: 442, 444-45, 447, 449-50

Gaebele, Madame Mme Yvonne Robert Gaebele (1888-1974?), wife of Robert Gaebele, Henri’s son. She was an accomplished and cultured French lady belong- ing to an established family that had a large hand in the making of Pondicherry. She was strongly attracted to the Mother and Sri Aurobindo, and was a frequent visitor to the Ashram. She used to teach French to the inmates. The lady was given a new name "Suvrata" by the Mother. She is the author of several books including Histoire de Pondichery, published in 1960. At that time she was Librarian and Archivist of Pondicherry, president of the Commission for Historical Monuments, president of the History Society, laureate of the French Academy, and knight of the Legion of Honour. Mme Gaebele left for France in 1972 and died there probably in 1974. (B. G.; Histoire de Pondichery) a VII: 83 XII: 156

Gaekwar (of Baroda) See Sayaj irao Gaekwar. (Gaekwar was the name of an Indian ruling family and the title of its head whose capital was at Baroda in Gujarat state. The Gaekwars were a leading power in the 18th-century Maratha Confederacy.) (Enc. Br.) Der: Gaekwari (of or belonging to the Gaekwar, XV: 71) D [Indexed with Sayajirao Gaekwar]

Gaelic the Celtic languages spoken in Ireland and Highland Scotland. Generally the form spoken in Ireland is known as Irish, and that in Scotland as Scottish or Scottish Gaelic. Gaelic may also be used to include Manx. Erse is sometimes used as a synonym for Gaelic. (Col. Enc.) a 15:290, 299, 306, 343, 390, 494 26: 290

Galava a character – a disciple of Bharat, preceptor of the arts in heaven – in the play Vikramorvasie. 0 7:909, 951-52

Galen (129-c. 199), physician and writer born of Greek parents. He resided chiefly in Rome from c. 162. Galen founded experi- mental physiology and was one of the most distinguished physicians of antiquity. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) a 17:127

Galert in Sri Aurobindo’s poem The Vigil of Thaliard, a brother of Thaliard. (A) 0 5:180

Galilean a native or resident of Galilee in northern Palestine.

The name is commonly applied to Jesus (and his disciples). (Enc. Am.) a 1:5, 714

Galileo Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), great Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist, considered a founder of the experimental method. He was tried by the Inquisition and imprisoned for an indefinite period for his beliefs and writings that held the sun to be the central body and the earth a moving body revolving with the other planets around it. He recanted, however, and was allowed to live in seclusion near Florence. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) n 12:6 14:67 15:165 16: 82, 101 17:193

Gallic of the Gauls, Gaulish. (C.O.D.) Der: Gallicised a 3:253 9:87 14:219 15: 290, 344. 417

Gallican of the ancient church of Gaul or France; (an adherent) of the school of French Roman Catholics following BOSSUET and claiming partial autonomy. The Galli- cans held that the French monarch had special rights in the Roman Catholic Church in France. (C.O.D.; Col. Enc.) a 15:353

Gallic, Junius Annaeus (c. 5 BC-AD 65), Roman official, a man of easy-going temperament, who dismissed the charges brought by the Jews against the apostle Paul. The term has come to mean any person, especially official, refusing to meddle outside his province. (Enc. Br.; C.O.D.) 0 26:152

Gallipoli a city in European Turkey, a port at the eastern end of the Dardenelles near the neck of the Gallipoli peninsula. (Enc. Br.) a XXII: 133

Gallo-Lombard "Gallo" is a combination- form meaning ‘French’. The Lombards were an ancient Germanic people who were settled along the lower Elbe in the 1st century AD. In 568 they invaded northern Italy and established a kingdom there. (C.O.D.; Col. Enc.) a 1:525

Ganadasa a character – a minister of acting, drama and opera, retained by Queen Dharinie – in Mdlavikagnimitram, a play by Kalidasa, translated by Sri Aurobindo under the title Malavica and the King. Var:

Gano- dasa a 8:135, 138, 141-43, 147-54 X:116, 118, 121-23, 127-30, 132-39

Ganapati; Ganesh(a) in Hindu religion. Lord of the Ganas or troops of inferior deities, especially those attendant upon Shiva. He is a son of Shiva and Parvati and is considered

the god of wisdom and a remover of obstacles; hence he is invariably invoked at the beginning of important undertakings. Ganesh is represented as a short fat figure having the head of an elephant and a protuberant belly, and riding on a rat. He is the legendary scribe who wrote down the Mahabharata from Vyasa’s dictation. (Dow.; Enc. Br.) a 2:147 3:149 8:345 12:478 14:197 17:350 22: 392-93

Gandeva; Gandeve See Gandiv(a)

Gandhamadan in Hindu mythology, a mountain and forest in Ilavrta, the central region of the world which contains Mount Meru. Gandhamadan forms the division between Ilavrta and Bhadrasva, to the east of Meru. The forest of Gandhamadan is renowned for its fragrance. (Dow.) Var:

Gundhamadan a 7:974.988 29:419

Gandhara(s) Gandhara was an ancient country of the Indus Valley, embracing the modern Rawalpindi and Peshawar districts of Pakistan; its people were known as the Gandharas. The famous city ofTaxila was in Gandhara. After its conquest by Alexander the Great the region became a meeting place of Eastern and Western cultures and gave birth to a school of art and sculpture that bears its name. (D.I.H.) Der:

Gandharan d 3:191, 193 14:205-06, 232, 373 17:276. 303

Gandharan Buddha The Gandhara school of art drew upon the anthropomorphic tradi- tion of Roman religion and represented the Buddha with a youthful Apollo-like face, dressed in garments resembling those seen on Roman imperial statues. The Gandhara depiction of the seated Buddha was less successful. The stupa at Gandhara is dis- tinctive for its more elaborate ornamenta- tion. (Enc. Br.) n 14:206, 232

Gandhari in the Mahabharata, princess of Gandhara, wife of Dhritarashtra and mother of his hundred sons received as a boon from Vyasa. Her husband was blind, so she always wore a bandage over her eyes to be like him. (Dow.) n 3:192

Gandharva(s) in the Veda, Lord of the hosts of delight; in later mythology, the Gandharvas are musicians of heaven, "beautiful, brave and melodious beings, the artists, musicians, poets and shining warriors of heaven" (27:159).

Gandharvas, Yakshas and Kinnaras are a particular class of beings "whose unifying characteristic is material ease, prosperity and a beautiful, happy and undisturbed self-indulgence" (12: 409). (A) Var: Gundharva(s) a 3:146 5:212-13, 226, 253 6:230.265, 305 7:909, 922-23 8:343 10:340, 346 12: 263, 399.404, 407.409-10, 532 13:349 22:396 27: 152, 159 28:234 29:677 VI: 183. 186. 191-93 IX: 10

Gandharvi1 in Hindu mythology, a female musician that sings heavenward. (A) D 5:543

Gandharvi2 in the Veda, a personified power that holds the rays of the Sun of Truth. / D 11:392.415

Gandhi, (Mahatma) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948), better known as Mahatma Gandhi from 1914-15, when he returned to India after a stay of 20 years in South Africa, where he and his creed of non-violent civil disobedience had achieved their first great success. In India, because of his dedicated service to the masses in the cause of their political emancipation, the promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity, his all-out effort for village uplift and removal of untouchability, he came to be known as the "Father of the Indian Nation". (D.I.H.) DerGandhian a 4:224 9:555 17:362 22:22, 140, 413, 486-87, 490 23:556 26:35, 40-41, 47, 380, 406, 438 27:463, 479, 485, 490, 499 29:757 V: 100-01 VII: 4, 16 XVII: 69

Gandiv(a) name of the bow of Arjuna, said to have been given to him by the god Agni along with two inexhaustible quivers. (Dow.) Var: Gandeva; Gandeve D 1:67 4:71, 73, 78, 86, 89 5:320 8:31.78 13:54 VII: 49. 52

Ganen Maharaj Ganen Tagore (18847-1941), a Bengali associated with the Ramakrishna Mission, which he first came in contact with in his boyhood. Later he worked in the Mission’s publication department and in the office of Udbodhan. A few years before his death he resigned from the Mission. In 1909-10 Ganen Maharaj frequently visited the Karmayogin premises in Calcutta and acted as the link with Sister Nivedita. (S.B.C.; Remini.) Var: Gonen Maharaj D 26: 56, 70 XVI: 193

Ganesh(a) See Ganapati

Ganga the most sacred river of the Hindus, bearing several names including Bhagirathie and Jahnavie. It rises in the Himalayas and after flowing for over 1500 miles falls into the Bay of Bengal. The Puranas represent the Ganga as issuing from the toe of Vishnu, and as having been brought down from