-08_Glossary and Index Page 54 to 56.htm

earned him the sobriquet "Member for India". (Enc. Am.; Col. Enc.)  1:343

Bradlaugh Hall a hall located in Lahore in the Punjab (now in Pakistan), with a seating capacity of about 3000. It was the venue of a convention of the Moderates held in December 1909. (A)  2:329-30 4:237

Bradley, Francis Herbert (1846-1924), influential English philosopher of the absolute Idealist school, which based its doctrines on the thought of the German philosopher Hegel and considered mind as a more fundamental feature of the universe than matter. (Enc. Br.)  22:158, 160

Brahma (Brahma), in the late Vedic period, one of the major gods of Hinduism, the first member of the Hindu Triad, whose other two members, Vishnu and Shiva, enjoy much more popular worship. He is the Creator, "the Eternal’s Personality of Existence" (17:47). (The name Brahma is not found in the Vedas or the Brahmanas, in which the active creator is known as Hiranya-garbha, Prajapati, Brahmanaspati etc.). Brahma is said to have been born from a golden egg, and, in turn, to have created the Earth and all things on it. Later myths describe him as having come forth from a lotus that issued from Vishnu’s navel. He is therefore often depicted as seated on a lotus. (Note: Brahma, the nominative of the masculine noun Brahman, is not to be confused with Brahman, the neuter noun, which is the ultimate reality of the universe.) (Dow.; Enc.Br.)  2:148 3:358, 452 5:40, 80, 253, 302 7: 808, 1008 8: 32-33, 126, 399 10: 137, 306-07, 310, 312, 334-35 11: 3, 81, 445, 455 12: 39, 168, 269, 323, 367, 373, 381, 416, 448, 506-07 13: 85, 264, 283, 365-66, 374, 376-77, 413 14:137, 151, 340 15:5 16:319, 360 17:47-48, 59, 98 20:365 22:342, 390-91 23: 977 27: 152, 159 29:525 I: 41 VI:193 VII: 73 XII: 174 XVI: 134, 146 XVIII: 140

Brahmabandhab See Upadhyay(a), Brahmabandhab

Brahmaloka; Brahman-world theflrstof the eight lokas or regions of material existence recognised by the Sankhya and Vedanta schools of philosophy. According to Sri Aurobindo it is (1) the "world of the Brahman in which it [the soul] is one with the infinite existence and yet in a sense still a soul able to enjoy differentiation in the oneness" (12: 225) and (2) "the condition of being near to HIRANYAGARBHA in the causal body" (12: 467). (Dow.; A)  4:58, 310 12:225-26, 460, 466-68, 477 13:80 18:23, 257 20:485 22:110 24:1484-85 26:114 11:76, 78-80

Brahmana I. a variant of BRAHMIN 2. See Brahmana(s)

Brahmananda a yogi who was living at Ganganath temple on the banks of the Narmada, near Chandod, when Sri Aurobindo visited him for darshan and blessings in the beginning of 1905. Brahmananda passed away shortly thereafter. (Purani;A&R)  23:612 26:18-20, 50-51, 352-53

Brahmananda, Swami (1863-1922), the first president of the Sri Ramakrishna Mission, born Rakhal Chandra. After coming in contact with Sri Ramakrishna, he renounced the worldly life and became a sannyasi. (S.B.C.)  26:63-64

Brahmana(s) prose commentaries on the .Vedas, explaining the significance of the Vedas with regard to the ritual sacrifices and the symbolic import of the priests’ actions. Their principal concern is with the sacrifice, and they are the oldest extant sources for the history of Indian ritual. According to Western scholars the Brahmanas belong to the period 900-700 BC. (Enc.Br.) Der:

Brahmanic  3: 116, 170, 296 4: 21 9: 18 10: 2-4, 11-13, 15, 19, 122, 155, 215, 333, 441 11: 1, 5, 469, 471, 475 12: 401, 410, 448 13:475 14:150, 261, 274 15:3 17:337 VI: 169 VIII: 143 X: 160 XV: 7, 20-21 XVI: 132, 138, 156, 167 XVII: 30-32, 35-36

Brahmanaspati a Rig-vedic deity who is the Lord of the divine Word (Brahman); the Creator (by the Word); the Vedic original of the later Puranic Brahma. He evokes the worlds. (M.W.-J&G) o 4:30 10:159, 172, 259, 306-07, 334-35, 337, 343, 438, 522 11:3, 28, 33 17:85 XIV: 108, 110 XVI: 173

Brahmaputra a major stream of central and south Asia, having a total length of 1800 miles. Flowing across Tibet, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam it passes through Bangladesh to the Bay of Bengal, where it forms, with the Ganga and Meghna rivers, a vast delta. (Enc.Br.) Var: Brahmapootra a 9:145, 376 1:22 VII: 30

Brahma Samaj See Brahmo (Samaj) Brahmasutras or Vedanta Sutras, one of the main texts of Vedanta philosophy by Badarayana or Vyasa. It is an aphoristic work consisting of 555 sentences which are difficult to fathom without the help of a commentary. Many commentaries exist,

among which Shankaracharya’s, an important work of the Advaita school of Vedanta, is the most famous. (Dow.; Enc. Br.; I & G)  12:427 13:398 14:181 17:292 27:304

Brahmavarta ancient name of a place of Hindu pilgrimage in the region of Kurukshetra in North India. In mythology, it denoted the area lying between the rivers Saraswati and Drishadwati, both of which cannot be precisely identified. (M.N.; D.I.H.)  3:204-05

Brahmin a member (Dwija) of the first or highest class of the ancient Chaturvama of India which unlike its present degenerated form, the caste system, where a son of a Brahmin is always a Brahmin was based upon the idea that man falls by his nature into four types. The economic order of society was in the form and gradation of these types. Calm, self-control, askesis, purity, candour, learning etc. were the characteristic qualities of the Brahmin. The Brahmin class gave the community its priests, thinkers, men of letters, legislators, scholars, religious leaders and guides. The connotation of the term has been extended by Sri Aurobindo to cover such classes in other countries also. (A) Var: Brahmana Der: Brahmanic; Brahmanical; Brahmanya; Brahmanyam; Brahmatej(as); Brahminhood; Brahminic; Brahminical; Brahminicide; Brahminism 1:66, 125, 145-46, 148, 235, 301, 315, 537, 598, 632-33, 646, 759, 772, 817 2:11-13, 29, 84, 89, 180, 265, 358-59, 396, 426-27 3:30, 79, 111-12, 143, 171, 180, 338, 452 4:15, 22, 24, 38, 58, 70, 98-99, 140, 166, 193-94, 252, 268, 306-07, 319 5:78, 85, 283 6:293 7:926, 932, 939, 942, 948, 956-57, 999 8: 9, 19, 29, 34, 53-55, 57, 65, 67-68, 72, 82, 92, 254 10:5, 160, 352 11:451-52 12:238, 253, 323, 326, 441-42, 455 13:81, 189, 193, 320, 492, 494, 496-98, 505-06 14:17, 52, 111, ‘ 131, 146, 189, 280, 316, 324-26, 329, 331, 342, 347, 349-51, 355-56, 359 15:4-5, 7-8, 17, 117-18, 269-70, 353-55, 424, 430, 463-64 17:100, 121-22, 211, 393 21:714-15 22:154, 404, 433, 486-87 23:795 26:130 27:359, 362-63, 454, 460 1:27, 57 11:61, 63, 66 111:5, 8, 13, 16 IV: 171, 193 V:2 VI: 157-59 IX: 29-30 XIII: 35 XV: 73 XVI: 170 XVIII: 134, 136 XIX: 5, 7

Brahmo (Samaj) a nineteenth-century, quasi-Protestant, theistic movement within the fold of Hinduism, founded in Calcutta in 1828 by Raja Rammohan Roy. A member of the Samaj was known as a Brahmo. The movement soon spread throughout Bengal and also in other provinces. Brahmo Samaj did not accept the authority of the Vedas, discarded Hindu ritual and adopted some Christian practices in its worship. It

denounced polytheism, idol worship, and the caste system. But  after some time there arose differences among the Brahmos and in the 1860s and 1870s the society broke up into two and then three bodies with slightly different names: (1) the "Adi Brahmo Samaj" of Debendranath Tagore, (2) the "Brahmo Samaj of India" led by Keshab Sen, and (3) the "Sadharan Brahmo Samaj", an offshoot of No. 2 formed by members who broke with Keshab Sen in 1878. The Brahmo movement had considerable success with its programmes of social reform but has never had a significant popular following. (Enc. Br.; Gordon) Var: Brahma Samaj 1:190, 314, 495, 654 3:99-100 4:250, 318, 320 14:418 27:46, 62.496

Braja name given to a region in the Yamuna valley in Uttar Pradesh which includes Mathura, Vrindavan and other smaller holy towns and villages associated by Vaishnava devotees with the lives of Krishna and Radha. (D.I.H.) n 8:248, 285, 301

Brajamohan College a national educational institution which was run by Aswini Kumar Dutt at Barisal in Bengal (now in Bangladesh); "a model for any educational institution in the world". (A) a 2:89

Brajendra Kishore Brajendra Kishore Roy Choudhury (18847-1957), one of the greatest zamindars of East Bengal, belonging to Gauripore in Mymensingh district. The Swadeshi movement flourished very much in his zamindari. Although obliged to remain in the background, he promoted the national. ist movement by helping some of its key figures. He also donated munificently to the cause of education. (D.N.B.) a 1:156

Brati-Samity an association of national volunteers at Faridpur in East Bengal. It was declared unlawful in January 1909 along with some other associations. (A; P.T.I.; R.O.H.)  1:376

Brazil a country in northern and eastern South America occupying nearly half the continent. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Breci an Italian regicide. The judge of his case, instead of ordering him to be hanged, gave him seven years’ solitary imprisonment. Within a year Breci went mad. (A) 0 4:278

Breton native of Brittany, a historic province of France, a 1:38, 526 15:291, 310

Breton (language) a member of the Brythonic group of Celtic languages, spoken in Brittany in northwestern France by about one million persons. It was introduced into France in the 5th and 6th centuries by Celtic refugees displaced from southern England by the influx of Anglo-Saxons. Two standardised forms of Breton were developed in the mid-20th century in attempts to encourage the literary development of the language; but the French government encourages the use of French rather than Breton, and the number of Breton-speakers is declining. (Enc. Br.) n 15:480, 496

Briareus also called Aegaeon, in Greek mythology, one of the three 100-armed and 50-headed monsters, the sons of the deities Uranus and Ge. (Enc. Br.) n 9:317

Bridges, Robert Robert (Seymour) Bridges (1844-1930), English poet laureate from 1913 until his death, noted for his technical mastery of prosody and for his sponsorship of the poetry of his friend Gerard Manley Hopkins. Bridges produced short lyrics, long poems, plays in verse, and critical studies of Milton and Keats. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) Der: Bridgean; Bridgesean  5:344, 358, 551-52 9:395, 399-400 26:306 11:29-31

Brigida a character  cousin of Ismenia  in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Maid in the Mill. 0 7:821, 825, 827, 829.837-41, 848-49, 851-54, 856-61, 863, 865, 870-79

Brihadaranyaka an Upanishad ascribed to the sage Yajnavalkya. It belongs to the Shukia (White) Yajurveda, to the Kanvi branch of its Vajasaneyi Brahmana. (Up. K.) Var: Brihadaranyakopanishad;

Brihad Aranyaka; Great Aranyaka  10:130 11:499 12:93, 134, 211, 393, 397-99 14:146 18:11, 188, 412, 452, 524, 553, 596 19:657:792, 824 27: 211., 300 IX: 10 XV: 20 XVIII: 156-57 XX: 117

Brihadrath(a)’ an Indian king of the Mahabharata period, builder of the strong nation oftheMagadhas. (A) Der: Barhadratha (of Brihadratha)  3:190-91 8:41, 52, 57

Brihadratha2 a Vedic Rishi. The name is mentioned twice in the Rig-veda, in both cases along with Navavastva. The name may thus be an epjthet of Navavastva. (Sri Aurobindo does not interpret the word Navavastva as the name of a person, but translates it literally as "new dwelling".) (V. Index) a 11:49 .

Brihaduktha (Vamadevya) a Vedic Rishi, a descendant of Vamadeva. 1-1 10:515-16 Brihajjabala name of a minor Upanishad. a XX: 116

Brihaspati 1. In the Rig-veda, the Master of the creative Word (the stress in the name falling upon the potency of the Word rather than upon the thought of the general soulpower which is behind it). In the Vedic text the names Brihaspati and Brahmanaspati alternate, and are equivalent to each other. 2. In later times Brihaspati is a Rishi; also regent of the planet Jupiter (the name is commonly used for the planet itself). 3. In the Puranas, spiritual guide of the gods and counsellor to Indra. (I & G; Dow.) Var:

Brihasapati (a misspelling); Brihuspathy;

Brihuspati  3:177 8:131, 196 10:56, 119, 135, 137-39, 148, 152, 154, 156, 159-61, 170-71, 174, 177, 189, 195, 206, 229, 235, 259, 303-13, 343, 426, 441 11:3, 22, 44, 143, 197, 445, 460 12:317, 326, 335, 389, 522 13: 349 17:259-62 22:390 27:156 IV: 129, 136, 143 VIII: 147 X: 179 XVI: 132 XIX: 54 See also Jupiter’.

Brinda in Hindu mythology, a traditional duti (female messenger) who re-united lovers. (A) I:187

Brindaban; Brindabon; Brindavan See Vrindavan

Briseis daughter of Briseus (spelt "Brises" in Ilion). She was captured in the Trojan War by Achilles, who made her his slaveconcubine. She was taken from Achilles by Agamemnon, and this set off the quarrel between them. The "wrath of Achilles" was aroused, and it is this wrath which forms the central "problem" of the Iliad. Briseis was eventually returned to Achilles. (Col. Enc.; M.I.)  3:61 5:421, 463-64, 467, 488-90 .

Brises Briseus, a Trojan ofLyrnessus, father of BRISEIS. His town was sacked by Achilles, who killed him and carried off his daughter. (M.I.) a 5:436, 489

Bristol city and former county borough in the county of Avon (until 1974 it was in Gloucestershire), England. (Enc. Br.)  7:1044-45

Bristow Tragedy Bristowe Tragedy, a poem by Chatterton, one of those poems whose vigour and beauty established him as a

precocious genius and later made him a hero to the Romantic and Pre-Raphaelite poets. (Col. Enc.)I: is

Britain conventional name applied to Great Britain of the period before the Germanic invasions in the 5th and 6th centuries. Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles; politically, since 1707, the name has been given to England, Wales, and Scotland. Var: Britannia Der: British; Britisher;

Briton (native of Great Britain or the British Empire) 1:5-6, 8, 13, 18, 20, 23, 26, 32, 55-56, 88, 91-95, 101-02, 106, 108, 110-11, 120, 126-27, 132, 136-38, 145-46, 154, 156, 159-60, 164, 168, 172, 176-80, 184, 186-87, 189-90, 192, 198-99.203, 207, 209, 212-18.232, 234, 236-37, 253, 260-62, 267, 269, 280, 284-87, 292, 294-95, 297-98, 300, 302, 304-05, 307-08, 310-12, 314-16, 319-20, 322-25, 332-34, 336-37, 339, 343, 346, 348, 350, 353-54, 362, 365, 367, 372-73, 388, 393-96, 409, 413, 415, 417-18, 421, 423, 426-27, 431-34, 440-43, 446-51, 453-54, 457, 460, 462-63, 478, 496, 500-01, 503, 506, 508-13, 521-23, 526, 539, 552, 556, 564-65, 568, 573-74, 577-78, 593, 598, 602, 606-07, 623-25, 627-29, 631, 633, 641, 657, 674, 679-80, 685-86, 706, 715, 722, 727, 729-30, 736, 738, 740, 744, 752-53, 755, 774-78, 790-91, 802-05, 816, 824, 827-28, 835, 853, 857, 876-77, 903-04 2:12, 18, 22-23, 26-28, 31-34, 49, 53-56, 59, 79, 94, 120-23, 128, 135, 154, 160-61, 170, 184, 204-05, 207, 223, 233, 235-37, 246, 249, 260-62, 267, 269, 284, 296, 298-302, 306, 320, 327, 332, 347, 353, 356, 373-74, 381-82, 387, 389-91, 393-94, 404 3:51, 203, 359, 454, 465-66, 472 4:135, 149, 166-67, 176-77, 182, 197, 203-06, 211-12, 215, 218, 220-22, 225-26, 229, 232-33, 237-38, 240, 243, 249, 257, 265, 267-68, 271, 276, 283-84, 286, 290-91, 293 5:177 6:543 8:331, 356 9:549 14:178, 346, 367, 378 15:151, 286, 291, 294, 299, 306, 308-14, 316, 318, 321, 380, 420, 444, 447, 479-80, 493, 498, 506, 512, 515, 519, 521, 616, 620, 645-47 17:180, 360, 362 26:3, 14, 17, 21, 24-27, 29, 31, 35-37, 39, 42, 44, 54, 57, 60-62, 70, 169, 324, 375-76, 393-95, 397, 399-400, 402, 404, 407-10, 421, 429-30, 432, 435 27:3-5, 8, 10-13, 15-18, 20-21, 23, 32-33, 44, 49, 51-52, 60, 63-65, 110-13, 121, 431, 443, 445-48, 464, 466-67, 470, 499, 501 1:70 11:3, 84 111:5, 7-8, 10-11, 13-15 IV: 196 V: 3-4, 100 VIII: 122, 125 XIII: 28-29 XIV: 103, 106 XV: 61, 71 XVII: 68 XXI: 71

Britannia the Latin name of Britain, and a poetic name for Britain personified. (Ox. Comp.)  (Indexed with Britain)

British Isles Island group of western Europe comprising Great Britain, Ireland, and adjacent islands, a’3:264 15:310, 410, 475 X: 147

Brittany or Britanny, a historic province of northwestern France, now divided into five departments. A native of the region is known as a Breton; the same word is used for the region’s language. (Enc. Br.) 3:186

Broceliande The Forest of Broceliande was, in Arthurian legend, the home of Merlin in Brittany, France. Only a little of this once vast forest now remains as the Forest of Paimpont. (Col. Enc.) D 5:174

Brodrick William St. John Fremantle Brodrick (1856-1942), 1st Earl of Middleton, British statesman who, after holding other offices, became Secretary of State for India in 1903, and supported Earl Kitchener against Baron (Lord) Curzon, leading to the latter’s resignation in 1905. (Enc. Am.)  1:849 2:267

Bromius Bromios, a title of the Greek god Dionysus, meaning "the roaring (god)".  8:411 Bronson a barrister who abused Bengalis during the agitation against the Ilbert Bill (1909). Lalmohan Ghose retaliated vehemently in a speech at Dacca. As a result of that speech, Bronson found himself boycotted by Indian attorneys and was compelled to leave India. (A)  4:196

Brontes three English sisters, all writers Charlotte Bronte (1816-55), novelist; Emily Jane Bronte (1818-48), novelist and poet; and Anne Bronte (1820-49), novelist; (there was also a brother, Patrick Branwell Bronte, 1817-48, gifted with talents for writing, painting, and fine classical scholarship, but a failure in life) whose personal history as a family has stimulated the popular imagination because their lonely and tragic lives were imbued with the same emotional intensity as those of the heroes and heroines of their great novels. (Enc. Br.)  3:93

Bronze Age the third phase in the development of man’s material culture, following the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages; also, the first period in which metal was used. The date the age began varied with regions; in Greece, for instance, the Bronze Age began before 3000 BC, whereas in China it did not

start until c. 1800 BC. The beginning of the period is sometimes called the Chalcolithic (Copper-Stone) Age. There was no true Bronze Age in the Western Hemisphere. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) n XIV: 119

Brooke, Rupert (1887-1915), English poet, a well-born, gifted, remarkably handsome youth, whose early fame and tragic death in World War I have made him almost a legendary figure. His two slender volumes contain only a few poems. (Enc. Br.)  9:347

Broome (Wilson) See Wilson

Brotteaux a character an unabashed scoffer — in Anatole France’s Les Dieux ont soif. (A)  9:557

Browning, Robert (1812-89), one of the great poets of the Victorian age, noted for his mastery of dramatic monologue and rich psychological portraiture. (Enc. Br.)  9:2, 26-27, 51, 69, 105-06, 133, 139-41, 163, 173, 226, 301, 474, 542 29:754

Browning, Mrs. Elizabeth Barret Browning (1806-61), wife of Robert Browning; a minor, though by no means negligible, English poet whose reputation rests chiefly upon her Sonnets from the Portuguese. (Enc.Br.)  27:94 Browning, Oscar (1883-1929), University lecturer in history at Cambridge, an extraordinary character known to many generations of Cambridge men as "The O.B." He belonged in spirit to the Elizabethan age. A clever conversationalist, he entertained largely and showed kindness to innumerable young men. He was associated as a founder, head, or otherwise, with a large number of educational and cultural organizations. He was also a writer, an author of several books, historical, biographical etc. He received the O.B.E. in 1923.  27:419 11:87

Bruce Robert the Bruce, or Robert I (1274-1329), king of Scotland (1306-29). He was the most famous member of the Bruce family. After his defeat at Methven, he took refuge in wild country until he could gather up his power. According to legend, the Bruce, at this time of discouragement, learned courage and hope from watching a spider persevere in spinning its web. (Col. Enc.) arench Republican Calendar. The coup d’etat of 18-19 Brumaire (November 9-10, 1799) established the Consulate under Napoleon. (Col. Enc.)  22:496

Brummagem colloquial form of Birmingham (England); name given to a counterfeit coin first made in Birmingham.

Hence the term is applied to anything not genuine. (Col. Enc.) a l: 18, 606 2:153

Brummel See Beau Brummel

Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600), Italian philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and occultist whose theories anticipated modern science. He challenged all dogmatism. In 1591 he was accused of heresy by the Inquisition and, after imprisonment, was burnt to death. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.)  15:165 16:219 Brussels capital of Belgium and of Brabant province in the valley of the Senne River. The Germans occupied it during both World Wars. (Enc.Br.; P.P.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Brutus a character Prince of Britain mentioned in the Dramatis Personae of Sri Aurobindo’s play The House of Brut.  7:883

Bryan, William Jennings (1860-1925), American Democrat and Populist leader, and a magnetic orator who ran unsuccessfully three times for the presidency of the United States, in 1896, 1900 and 1908. He was an opponent of trusts and imperialism. Bryan held the post of Secretary of State from 1913 to 1915. (Enc.Br.; Gilbert, p. 53) a 2:356 .

Buchanan Colonel Buchanan, the Inspector General of Prisons in Bengal around 1908.  4:274

Buckingham, the second duke of George Villiers (1628-87), English politician, a leading member of King Charles II’s inner circle of ministers. He had exquisitely refined tastes, and wrote poetry, religious tracts, and plays. He was the chief author of a celebrated satire on heroic drama. The Rehearsal, directed in its later version against John Dryden. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.)  9:387

Bucoleon in Sri Aurobindo’s llion, by "Bucoleon’s son" is meant Anchises, although the latter’s father is usually said to be Capys. Bucoleon was the eldest son of Laomeodon. (M.I.)  5:398

Budaricashram; Budaricayshwur the most famous place of Hindu pilgrimage in North India, more popularly known as Badrinath or Badrinarayana. It is situated on the snowy heights of the Himalayas in Uttar Pradesh state, on the banks of the Ganga (called

Alakananda in that area). The shrine is dedicated to Vishnu, particularly to his dual form of Nara-Narayana. (D.I.H.;Dow.) 1:803 5:201-02

Buddha; Gautama Buddha also known as Tathagata (c. 563-c. 483 ec), the renowned founder of Buddhism. His personal name was Siddhartha. He was born in a princely Kshatriya family of the name of Gautama in Kapilvastu in the Nepalese Terai. He renounced his home and family at the age of twenty-nine. After realising the Truth under the famous Bo-tree in modern Bodh-Gaya, he became known as the "Buddha" ("the Enlightened"). (Enc. Br.) The term Buddha is also used for an image of Buddha in art and architecture. See also Dhyani Buddha and Gandharan Buddha. Der: Buddhahood (the soul awakened from its mundane individuality into an infinite super-consciousness, see 13:153) a 1:613, 699, 704, 758, 768, 799 2:255, 397, 405 3:113, 169, 198, 213, 302, 344, 375, 458 4:73, 101, 122, 154, 227, 252 12:15, 30, 60, 457, 484-86, 490, 510 13:9, 29-31, 140, 151, 153, 156-58, 161-62, 164, 185, 272, 372, 462 14:65-66, 74, 94, 129, 150, 183, 187-88, 193, 195, 198-200, 204, 206, 209, 213, 232, 240, 250, 252, 327, 358, 372 15: 338 16:136, 151, 219, 292, 324-25, 339, 349, 364 17:2, 49, 153, 165, 180, 183, 278-79, 282, 299, 383 18:29-30, 40, 94, 415, 464, 487, 568 19:1050 20:59-60, 253, 259 21:532, 561, 575 22: 59-63, 66-67, 69, 85, 92-93, 95, 97, 192, 248, 392, 402-05, 407-08, 410, 418, 423, 428-29, 456, 491 23:614, 619, 1037 24:1642, 1660, 1669, 1754 25:78, 275, 332, 370 26:75, 92, 118, 133-36, 240, 445-47, 463 27:44, 299, 314, 469 29:787 1:24, 27, 31, 41, 49, 58 11:59, 63 111:6, 75 IV: 166, 168 V: 61, 63, 77 -VI: 156, 164-66, 168, 170, 172-75 VII: 71 VIII: 171-72, 177-78, 181, 183, 186, 194 IX: 14, 31, 42-43 XIII: 24 XIV: 120, 126-27 XV: 43 XVI: 132, 180 XVII: 4, 24, 31, 36-37 XVIII: 152, 163 XIX: 54

Buddha, Amitabha See Amitabha Buddha

Buddh Gaya also spelled Bodh Gaya, a village in the Gaya district of Bihar state in India. It was here, under the sacred pipal or Bodhi (Bo) tree, that Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment and became the Buddha. (Enc. Br.) 4:227

Buddhism a pan-Asiatic religion and philosophy based on the 6th-century BC teaching of Gautama Buddha. Buddhism repudiates the authority of the Vedas; neither does it accept the existence of the

soul or God as assumed by Hindu philosophy. It does believe in the doctrine of rebirth and karma, which cease only with the extinction of desire. The religion is based on Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. Buddhism has played an influential role in the spiritual, cultural, and social life of much of the Eastern world; during the present century it has attracted increasing interest and some adherents in the West. (Enc. Br.) Der: Buddhicised; Buddhist;

Buddhistic  1:481, 712, 768, 800-01, 844 2:19, 42, 84 3: 30, 113, 137, 142-43, 169, 172-74, 178, 198, 221-22, 225, 266, 296, 344, 379, 422 4:61, 73, 85, 92, 107, 115, 125, 143, 166, 227, 247, 252, 298 5:254 8: 327 10:13-14 12:12-13, 44, 116, 209, 233, 447, 458, 485, 493, 499, 522 13: 8, 78-79, 83, 97, 153, 161-62, 164, 224, 228, 325 14:14-17, 29, 58, 69, 71, 73-74, 81, 91, 125, 130, 132, 136, 150-51, 154, 168, 179-81, 193, 200, 205, 210, 240-41, 249, 251, 256, 270, 272, 294, 308, 315-16, 331, 351, 358-59, 363, 402, 404, 417 15:22, 153, 165, 302, 339 16: 80, 86, 90-92, 116-18, 125, 129-30, 135, 137, 151, 160, 163, 249, 309-10, 324, 339, 346-47, 349, 365, 394, 401, 405, 416 17:101, 131, 164, 168-69, 171-73, 181, 276, 281, 293, 303, 377 18:23, 27-28, 34, 49, 75, 77, 392, 416, 441, 467, 507, 512, 610 19:668, 746-47, 750-51, 884, 1051 20:142, 274, 342, 346, 360, 382, 411, 422, 438, 505 21:532, 554, 664, 857 22:25, 46, 55, 61-68, 128, 143, 158, 163, 235, 273, 402-04, 483 23:556, 608, 614, 619, 768, 805, 871 24:1193, 1635 26:106, 116, 138, 503 27:46, 242-43, 268, 284, 311, 322, 339, 341, 475 1:28, 31, 50 11:58, 67 IV: 166, 168 V: 54-55, 63, 71-72 VI: 161, 164, 168-73, 176-80 VII: 78 VIII: 169, 171-72, 186, 194 IX: 14-15, 31, 61 X: 148, 161 XI: 33 XII: 189 XIII: 13, 30 XTV:132 XVI: 180-81 XVII: 24-25, 27, 34 XVIII: 158, 160 XIX: 80

Buddhist-Confucian system possessing characteristics of both Buddhism and Confucianism, 27:284 Budha in Hindu astronomy, the planet MERCURY. In Hindu mythology, Budha is the son of Soma (the Moon) by TARA (wife of Brihaspati). Budha is also the name of the author of a hymn in the Rig-veda. (Dow.)  3:270 7:909, 1008 11:201 17:259-62 X: 152

Bug, the Bug River, tributary of the Vistula River, rising in the western Ukranian S.S.R. For about 125 miles of its course the Bug now forms the international frontier between Poland and the U. S.S.R. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]  

Bulgaria a socialist republic in southeast Europe, in the Balkan Peninsula. Its capital is Sophia. Before World War II Bulgaria was a monarchy. (Col. Enc.) Der: Bulgarian  1:332, 557 15:502 XXI: 71, 102 XXII: 133

Bulgar(s) a people known in East European history from the 6th century AD. They probably originated as a Turkish tribe of central Asia and arrived in the European steppe west of the Volga River with the Huns (c. AD 370). The eastern Bulgars were a people, probably speaking a Finnic language, who possessed a powerful state (8th-13th cent.) at the confluence of the Volga and the Kama in East European Russia. Another branch of the same people moved west into present Bulgaria, where they merged with the Slavs. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) n 10:553 15:287, 295

Bull Taurus, a zodiacal constellation, represented pictorially as the fore part of a bull. Two notable star clusters, the Pleiades and the Hyades, are found in Taurus. It is the second sign of the zodiac, called Vrsa in Hindu astronomy. (Col. Enc.) a 17:257-58, 260

Bulletin of Physical Education or Bulletin a’education physique, a. quarterly bilingual (English and French) journal founded in 1949. In 1959 the name was altered to Bulletin of Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education or Bulletin du Centre International d’Education Sri Aurobindo. It is published by the Ashram.  16:pre., l, 4, 9 26:377, 504-06

Bundhumathie in Sri Aurobindo’s play Vasavadutta, the captive princess of Sourashtra, serving Vasavadutta under the name of Munjoolica. (A) D 6:207, 314, 322

Bunyan, John (1628-88), celebrated English minister and preacher, author of The Pilgrim’s Progress. (Enc. Br.) a 24:1634

Burdwan city (administrative headquarters), district, and division of Bengal (now West Bengal state). (Enc. Br.) a 1:437-38, 626-27

Burke, Edmund (1729-97), British statesman and political thinker prominent from 1765 to c. 1795 and important in the history of political theory. He was a member of the House of Commons from 1765 to 1794. Burke was a great rhetorician. His speeches delivered in connection with the impeachment of Warren Hastings "made for an awareness of the responsibilities of empire and the injustices in India unknown before in England". . (Enc.Br.;Col._Enc.)  1:54, 188, 448, 464, 519, 648 4:218′

26:241 29:787 111:10-11

Burma country lying to the east of India, having Rangoon as its capital. In 1886 it was united with India under British rule; but this union was terminated constitutionally in 1935. Presently it is a socialist republic. (D.I.H.)  1:312 2:1, 215, 307 14:43 26: 48 27:58.122

Burmese the official language of the Union of Burma, spoken as a native language by almost 20 million Burmese. Burmese belongs to the Tibeto-Burman group of the SinoTibetan language family. The earliest extant Burmese writing dates from the middle of the llth century and is written in an alphabet derived from that of the Pali language. (Enc. Br.) a 3:36

Bums, Robert (1759-96), poet whose ability to enter into the spirit of older folk song and to assume the ancient role of Scottish bard has made him the national poet of Scotland and one of the best loved poets of all time. (Enc.Br.) n 9:93 1:9 11:11

Burt a veteran member of the Labour party in England who represented the old-world element and was therefore asked (1909) to quit the Labour organization, which had become predominantly socialistic. (A) n 2:285

Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1821-90), English explorer, writer, and linguist. He published an unexpurgated translation of the Arabian Nights. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) n 26:234

Bushido "Code of Warriors", the military code of the Samurai (warrior) class of Japan that in the mid-19th century was made the basis of ethical training for the whole society, with the emperor replacing the feudal lord as the object of loyalty and sacrifice. As such it contributed to the rise of Japanese nationalism and to the strengthening of wartime civilian morale up to 1945. (Enc. Br.) D 1:379-80

Bushman member of a nomadic people living in the region of the Kalahari desert in southwestern Africa. (Web.) D 15:59

Buxar a town in Shahabad district, Bihar state, just south of the Ganga River. A place of great sanctity, it is believed to have been originally called Vedagarbha (Womb of the Veda). (Enc.Br.) a 2:2 4:300-01 vm: 121

Byron, Lord George Gordon, 6th Baron Byron (1788-1824), English poet and satirist whose poetry and personality captured the imagination of Europe. His attitude of ironic despair and aspirations for political liberty made him the universal symbol of the Romantic poet. (Enc. Br.) Der: Byronic D 1:456 3:147, 231 5:8 9:2, 25-26, 44, 51, 74, 92, 94, 100, 112, 116-20, 123, 126-27, 129-31, 133, 192, 253, 309, 478, 522 26:262 27:81, 92 29:800 H:17 III: 11

Byshak, Gaurdas (1826-99), a Deputy Magistrate of Calcutta, associated in various capacities with a number of literary, cultural, and social organizations. He was an intimate friend of Madhusudan Dutt, and a man of critical ability and appreciative temper, a man not only of culture, but of original culture. (S.B.C.;A) n 3:78

Byzantine Empire the Eastern counterpart and successor to the Roman Empire of the West, also called the Eastern Empire and the East Roman Empire. It was named after Byzantium, which Emperor Constantine I rebuilt (AD 330) as Constantinople (present Istanbul) and made the capital of the entire Roman Empire. Afterwards the division into Eastern and Western empires became permanent. (Col. Enc.)  15:287

C

Caanou a corrupt form of the Hindi word Kanhu or Kanhaiya, a name of Krishna. D [Indexed with Krishna]

Cabbala esoteric system of interpretation of the Hebrew scriptures based on the assumption that every word, letter, number, and even accent in them has an occult meaning. The system, oral at first, claimed great antiquity, but was really the product of the Middle Ages, arising in the 7th century and lasting into the 18th. It was popular chiefly among Jews, but spread to Christians as well. (Col. Enc.) n 22:393

Cabool Kabul, city and capital of Afghanistan, on the Kabul River. (Col. Enc.) VarCaboul a 5:276, 283

Cacootstha in the Ramayana, a patronymic of Rama after his ancestor Kakutstha, a prince of the Solar race whose real name was Puranjaya. As related in the Vishnu Pwana, to help the gods in their war with the Asuras during the Treta Yuga, Puranjaya rode on a bull (the form assumed by Indra), sitting

upon his hump (kakut). Thus he obtained the cognomen of "Kakut-stha". (Dow.) D 8:21-22

Cadiz capital and principal seaport of Cadiz province in southwestern Spain, on a long narrow peninsula extending into the Gulf of Cadiz. (Enc.Br.) a 7:876

Cadmeian Thebes THEBES was founded by Cadmus, a son of Agenor, king of Tyre. He was led to the site of the city by a cow while searching for his sister Europa. Here he built the Cadmeia, the citadel of the later town of Thebes. Cadmus killed a dragon, an off-spring of Ares, to get water. Athena advised him to sow the teeth of the dragon. There came up a harvest of armed men, whom Cadmus killed by tricking them into fighting one another. Five survived and became the ancestors of the nobility of Thebes. (M.I.) 5:479

Caesar’ See (Julius) Caesar or Caesar(s)

Caesar2 a character Julius Caesar  in Bernard Shaw’s play Caesar and Cleopatra.  9:548

Caesar and Cleopatra a historical play (1899) by George Bernard Shaw; it was outstandingly successful. (Col. Enc.)  9:548

Caesar Borgia See Borgia, Caesar Caesar(s) Originally the word ‘Caesar’ was part of the name ‘Julius Caesar’. Afterwards it became a title adopted by Roman emperors from Augustus to Hadrian. Hadrian kept the title Augustus for the emperor and allowed the heir apparent to be called Caesar. This became the custom subsequently. The imperial use of the name Caesar was perpetuated in the German Kaisar and the Russian Czar. (Col. Enc.)  1:769 2:122, 400 3:11, 110 15:296, 299 III: 7 IX: 28

Cafoor a companion of Nureddene in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Viziers of Bassora. 07:572, 627, 643, 645-46

Cailleux, Joseph (-Marie-Auguste) (1863-1944), French statesman, fiscal expert, and pacifist. He was finance minister in the cabinets of 1899 and 1906, and became premier in 1911. In an attempt to defuse a political crisis with Germany, he negotiated a settlement that gave France a protectorate over the North African territory in exchange for generous concessions in Central Africa. This compromise brought a massive public attack upon his patriotism, and his government fell in 1912. In 1913 he again became

finance minister, but in 1914 he resigned after his wife shot dead a newspaper editor, CALMETH. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Cain in the Old Testament, the eldest son of Adam and Eve, a tiller of the soil. He became enraged when the Lord accepted the offering of his brother Abel, a shepherd, in preference to his own. He murdered Abel, and was consequently banished by the Lord from the settled country. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.)  17:117

Cairene See Cairo

Cairgonn high granite mountain forming part of the Grampians in Scotland; it is named after one of its peaks (Cairn Gorm, 4084 ft.) (Pears; Enc. Br.) Var: Caimgonn 0 5:379 11:29

Cairo a city, capital of Egypt, on the Nile at the head of the delta. It is the largest city of Africa. (Enc. Br.) Der: Cairene (of Cairo) D 7:597 14:367

Cakya-muni Sakya-muni, a name of Gautama Buddha, who was "Sage" (muni) amongst the SAKYAS (A) a 24:1669

Calais city and seaport in Picardy, France, opposite Dover, on the Strait of Dover. (Col. Enc.)  7:1048 Calcutta capital of Bengal (now of West Bengal state), India, and a major port on the River Hooghly. It is the largest city of India, and has figured prominently in the history of the country since the advent of the British. For a long time it was the capital of British India. (Enc. Br.)  1:16-17, 76, 81, 155-56, 166-68, 172, 189, 192, 194, 196, 201-02, 222, 243, 248, 262, 266, 270, 279, 287, 311, 360, 378, 387, 405-06, 408, 428-29, 455, 478-79, 486, 529, 551, 556-57, 587, 590-91, 593, 634, 638, 643, 655-56, 673, 676, 686, 707, 734, 740, 747, 749, 754-55, 782, 795, 804, 838-41, 850-51, 855, 864, 893, 898 2:25, 37, 44, 70, 102, 112, 124, 134-37, 187-88, 204, 206-07, 224, 226-27, 232, 241, 295, 309-10, 315-16, 319, 321, 338-39, 341-43, 353, 358, 368, 370, 375, 413 3:75, 99, 129, 421, 426, 459, 469 4:178, 181-82, 189, 198-99, 210, 216, 218, 226, 228, 232, 238, 268, 291 8:61, 320, 329, 331, 333, 355 9:548 12:55 14:422 17:302, 358 24:1562 25:221, 345 26:1, 14-15, 27-29, 32, 34, 37, 42, 44-45, 49, 57, 59-60, 65, 209, 226, 390 27:7, 18-19, 23, 25-29, 37-40, 42-44, 64, 67, 73, 75, 351-52, 417, 420, 426, 431, 439-40, 451-52, 462, 493 1:2, 5, 7, 37, 70 11:2-3, 85 VIII: 121, 124, 134 X: 187 XIV: 99, 102-03, 105-06 XV: 61 XVI: 193-94 XVII: 66-67, 69

Calcutta University the premier university in India, although its jurisdiction is now much less than it was during British days. It was founded in 1857 during the administration of Lord Canning. (Col. Enc.) a 2:139, 339, 486 3:76, 93

Calderon Pedro Calderon de la Barca (1600-81), Spanish dramatist, the last important figure of the Golden Age (the latter part of the 16th and most of the 17th century). His plays were carefully contrived, subtle, and rhetorical. (Col. Enc.) 0 7:825 9:44, 67, 521 1:7

Caledonian (native) of ancient Scotland. The name Caledonia occurs in the works of Lucan (1st century AD) and is still used rhetorically, usually to mean all of Scotland, though originally it was used for a smaller area of north Britain. (Col. Enc.)  1:53

Caliban a character a savage and deformed slave  in Shakespeare’s comedy The Tempest. (Shakes.) 0 26:337

Calindie a name of the river YAMUNA derived from the place-name of its source, Kalinda. (M.N.) a [Indexed with Yamuna]

Callias name of a Syrian soldier, mentioned in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer. (It is a Greek name.) a 6:102

Callicrates a character a captain in the Syrian army in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune. a 6:333, 396, 405-06, 411, 442, 459, 468

Calligula a typographical error for Caligula (AD 12-41), Roman emperor (AD 37-41), in succession to Tiberius. He was son of Germanicus Caesar. Though born Gaius Caesar, he became known as Caligula, his childhood nickname. (Enc. Br.) a 3:70

Callimachus (c. 305-c. 240 BC), Hellenistic Greek poet and scholar; the most representative poet of the erudite and sophisticated Alexandrian school. His literary quarrel with his former pupil, Apollonius of Rhodes, is famous. (Enc. Br.) a 3:235

Calmeth Gaston Calmette, editor of the influential French newspaper Le Figaro. He led the press campaign against Caillaux, who seemed to be moving to the left after resigning the premiership in 1912. When Calmette threatened to publish love letters between Caillaux and his mistress, who had by then become Mme Caillaux, she fatally shot him. (Enc. Br., under Caillaux) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov.1913-Oct.'27]

Calvary the hill outside the walls of old Jerusalem where Jesus Christ was crucified. By some it is identified with the old House of Stoning, or the place where criminals were

executed by stoning and crucifixion. It could be seen easily from the city, and the whole population could witness the execution. (Enc. Am.) n 29:445 Calvin John (1509-64), French theologian, ecclesiastical statesman, and one of the most important Protestant reformers of the 16th century. Calvinism, in Christianity, has three different meanings: (1) the theology of John Calvin; (2) the developments of some of Calvin’s doctrines by his followers; (3) the historical developments in various countries of doctrines and practices derived from the works of Calvin and his followers that became the distinguishing characteristics of the Reformed and Presbyterian churches. (Enc. Br.) Der: Calvinistic (pertaining to Calvinism) n 3:379 15:14 16:324 17:137 20:365 22:417

Calypso in Greek mythology, the daughter of the Titan Atlas (or Oceanus or Nereus). She was a nymph of the mythical island of Ogygia, where she entertained Odysseus for seven years. She offered to make him immortal if he would remain, but he spurned the offer and continued his journey. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) D 8:409

Cama See Kama(deva)

Cambodians inhabitants of Cambodia, former name of a republic (now officially called the Democratic Republic of Kampuchea or, during 1970-75, the Khmer Republic) occupying the southwestern part of the Indo-Chinese peninsula. (Enc. Br.; Web. N.C.D.) a 23:556

Cambre a proposed character — a son of Brutus; prince of Cambria mentioned in the Dramatis Personae of Sri Aurobindo’s play The House of Brut. D. 7:883

Cambria ancient name of Wales. (Col. Enc.) n 7:883

Cambridge Municipal borough, county seat of Cambridgeshire in England, on the Cam (or Granta) River. The term is also used for Cambridge University at Cambridge, one of the two ancient universities of England. Although legends place its founding earlier, the university probably had its beginnings in the 12th century. (Col. Enc.) 1:3 3:56, 129-30, 132 26:2, 4.10, 13, 24, 52, 351 27:417 11:28.87 V: 100 XVII: 66, 73

Campbell, Thomas (1777-1844), English poet, remembered chiefly for his sentimental and martial lyrics. (Enc. Br.) D 11:11

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry (1836-1908), British statesman who became leader of the Liberal party in 1895, and was prime minister from 1905 to 1908. (Col. Enc.)  1:456, 849 27:26

Canaan name given by the Hebrews to Palestine before they occupied it. It is the country lying between the Jordan, the Dead Sea, and the Mediterranean. It was the Promised Land of the Israelites, and after their delivery from Egypt they subjugated it. (Col. Enc.)  15:299

Canaca a character the king of Cashmere’s jester in Sri Aurobindo’s play Prince of Edur. The name is also mentioned (as Toraman’s Brahmin, his court jester) in the Dramatis Personae of the incomplete play The Prince of Mathura. 7:739, 780-85, 791-94, 891

Canada independent federal parliamentary state within the British Commonwealth of Nations, occupying about two-fifths of the continent of North America. (Enc. Br.) Der: Canadian  1:560, 575, 605 2:34, 78 4:218 15:286, 311-12, 314, 410, 517 1:2 111:29

Canda See Chandra’

Candahar See Kandahar

Candaraya See Chand

Candida a play by George Bernard Shaw, written in 1894, the first of the characteristically Shavian plays with dialogue that sparkles with paradoxes. It is about a heroine who is forced to choose between her clerical husband and a young poet. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br) 9:552

Canea one of the oldest cities on the island of Crete. It is the capital of Crete (now a part of Greece) and a port on the Gulf of Canea. (Col. Enc.) :168

Cannae ancient village in Apulia of southern Italy. It was the scene of a battle in 216 BC which ended in a crushing defeat of the Romans at the hands of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. (Col. Enc.) n 2:311

Canterbury a cathedral city in England; a county borough until 1974, now a borough in the county of Kent. (Enc. Br.) 1:190

Canton capital of Kwangtung province of China; the main commercial and industrial city of southern China. It was captured by the Japanese in 1938 and held by them until the end of the Second World War. The word occurs in Sri Aurobindo’s poem "The Cosmic Man", written on 25-9-1938. (Col. Enc.; Enc.Br.;A) a 5:120 Canute Canute the Great (c. 995-1035), king of England and Denmark and, after 1028, of Norway. He was a dominant figure in Europe

of the llth century. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 1:668

Capet(s) surname of the Prankish and French kings "of the third race" (the first and second "races" being the Merovingians and the Carolingians). The Capetians15 kings of the royal house of France ruled continuously from 987 to 1328. Hugh Capet removed the Carolingians for ever and became king of France in 987. His nickname gave the royal house its appellation (Capetians). His direct descendants remained on the throne till the death (1328) of Charles IV, when the throne passed to the related house ofValois. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 15:356 16:324

Capitol in ancient Rome, that summit of the Capitoline hill on which stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter. In this temple were kept the Sibylline books, and here the consuls took the vows on entering upon office. It was to this temple also that victorious generals were carried in triumph to render thanks to Jupiter. (Ox. Comp.) 1:148 5:428

Caprera a small island off the northeast coast of Sardinia, Italy. Garibaldi established himself there in 1856 and died there in 1882. His house and tomb are national monuments. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) a 3:267 X: 149

Captive Lady the only English poem written by Madhusudan Dutt (1824-73). the famous Bengali poet and dramatist. (A; Enc. Br.) D 3:90

Caracalla nickname of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (188-217), Roman emperor (211-17) and an able soldier, noted both for his brutality and for his liberal extension of the rights of citizenship. (Enc. Br.) D 3:10

Carbonari members of a secret society which flourished in Italy, Spain, and France early in the 19th century. The origins and even the political programme of the Carbonari are matters of conjecture. The society appears to have originated in the kingdom of Naples. Beyond advocacy of political freedom its aims were vague. After 1830 the Italian Carbonari were gradually absorbed by the Risorgimento movement; elsewhere they disappeared. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) a 1:722 2:163, 165

Carcotaka in Hindu mythology, name of a huge serpent (Naga), one of the offspring of KashyapaandKadru. (M.N.) n 5:252

Caria ancient region of southwestern Asia Minor, south of, the Maeander River. In the Trojan War, the Carians were allies of Troy. (Col. Enc.; M.I.) Der: Carian(s) 0 5:393, 405-06, 418

Caribbee a Carib Indian, a native formerly inhabiting the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. Extremely warlike and ferocious, these people practised cannibalism. (Enc. Br.) D 19:762 XIV: 116

Carios a proposed character a student mentioned in the Dramatis Personae of Sri Aurobindo’s play The Maid in the Mill. n 7:821

Carlyle, ‘ Thomas (1795-1881), British man of letters, essayist, and historian. The leading social critic of his day, he influenced also men of a younger generation, among them Matthew Arnold and Ruskin. His style is one of the most tortuous yet effective in English literature. His On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History was published in 1841. (Col.Enc.;Enc.Br.; Ox. Comp.) Der: Carlylean 4 3:77, 114 9:112, 134, 179 13:131 26: 314-15 IX: 32

Carlyle2 probably, R. W. Carlyle, officiating Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal, who issued the notorious circular named after him (see the next entry). D 1:151

Carlyle Circular a secret circular (No. 1679 P.D., dated Darjeeling, 10 October 1905) issued to the magistrates and collectors over the signature of R. W. Carlyle, the officiating Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal, for the steps to be taken against the spread of the Swadeshi movement among the students. (A; H.F.M.I.-II; I.F.F.) n 1:377, 406

Camduff, Justice H.W.C. Carnduff, I.C.S., a judge of the Special Bench Appeal Court in the Alipore Bomb Case (1909). In the judgement there was a difference of opinion between him and the Chief Justice in respect of five appellants. (A.B.T.) a 2:287

Camot, Sadi Marie-Francois-Sadi Carnot (1837-94), an engineer turned statesman who served as fourth president (1887-94) of the Third Republic of France until he was assassinated by an Italian anarchist. (Enc. Br.) D XX: 120

Carolean (poets) belonging to or typical of the age of Charles I of England (1625-42). (H.L.) a 9:80, 82

Carpenter, Edward (1844-1929), English author and poet. He was identified with social reform and the late 19th-century anti-industrial arts and crafts movement. (Enc. Br.)  9:2, 18, 147-48, 152-55, 157, 196, 203, 229, 252

Canauthor of The Philosophy of Benedetto Croce. (A) 1-1 9:485

Carranza, Venustiano (1859-1920), Mexican statesman, a leader in the civil war following the overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Diaz, and the first president (1914-20) of the new Mexican Republic. The son of a landowner, Carranza became active in local and state politics in 1877. In 1910, he joined the struggle of Francisco Madero against Diaz, and in 1913 led the forces against Victoriano Huerta who had assassinated Madero. After Huerta fled in 1914, Carranza’s Constitutionalist army began to splinter. See also Villa. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Cartesian of or relating to Cartesianism, which in its broadest sense is a set of philosophical traditions and scientific attitudes derived from the rationalistic mind/matter dualism of Rene Descartes (1596-1650), who argued that the idea of mind and matter and that of God are innate. Besides its dualistic metaphysics, Cartesianism is also known for its mechanistic physics and its deterministic ethics. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Carthage one of the best known cities of antiquity, on the north coast of Africa, near what is now Tunis. It was traditionally founded by the Phoenicians of Tyre in 814 BC. (Enc. Br.) Der: Carthaginian;

Carthagenian (probably a misspelling of Carthaginian) 1:306, 506, 854 5:420, 505 9:372 14:349 15:298, 320, 338, 341 24:1633

Cartoveriya See Kartavirya, Haihaya Arjuna

Cashmere; Cashmeri(an) See Kashmir

Cassandra in Greek legend, a Trojan princess, daughter of Priam and Hecuba. She was loved by Apollo but deceived him. In retaliation the god turned to a curse the gift of prophecy he had bestowed on her, causing her prophecies never to be believed. When Troy fell, she was dragged from the image of Athene where she had taken refuge and violated by the Locrian Ajax, and after the Trojan War she was the slave

of Agamemnon, whose wife, Clytemnestra, killed her. (Col. Enc.; M.I.)  5:450-52, 454, 460, 503

Cassiope(a) a character Queen of Syria in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer. (It should be remembered that the Syria of this play is "a Syria of romance, not of history". Cassiopia, in Greek mythology, was the Ethiopian queen who offended seanymphs by boasting about her own or her daughter’s beauty). (A)  6:1, 3, 43-48, 50-54, 79, 103, 108-13, 119, 123-24, 131-37, 140-43, 147, 150, 166-67, 171-72, 176, 182-84, 186-87, 191-92, 199, 201

Cassius a character one of the conspirators against Julius Caesar in Shakespeare’s historical tragedy Julius Caesar. Historically, Gaius Cassius Longinus was a Roman soldier who took a leading part in the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar. He later committed suicide. (Shakes.; Col. Enc.) a 12:38

Castiglione, Baldassare (1478-1529), Italian humanist, chiefly known for his prose dialogue // Cortegiano (1528). The work had much influence on the literature of England, e.g., on Surrey, Wyatt, Sidney, and Spenser. (Ox. Comp.) Q 1:7

Castile a region, and former kingdom, in central and northern Spain, traditionally divided into Old Castile, in the north, and New Castile, in the south. (Col. Enc.) Der: Castilians n 7: 825 15: 356

Castor and Pollux in Greek and Roman religion, twin heroes called the Dioscuri. They were gigantic and gifted in battle. Castor, the elder of the two, was particularly noted for training horses; Pollux was outstanding as a boxer. When Castor was killed during a dispute between the twin brothers, and Pollux refused immortality, Zeus transformed the brothers into the constellation Gemini. See also Dioskouroi. (Col. Enc.) Var: Kastor; Polydeuces or Poludeukes. (Pollux is the Latin form of the Greek name Polydeuces.)  10:75, 77, 153, 318 17:257 XV: 41 XVI: 164-65 XVII: 44, 46

Catalonian (native) of Catalonia, a region of northeastern Spain, stretching from the Pyrenees at the French border southward along the Mediterranean. (Col. Enc.)  15:290

Catherine(s) Catherine I (16847-1727), wife of Peter the Great and empress and czarina of Russia (1725-27); Catherine II or Catherine the Great (1729-96), German-born empress and czarina of Russia (1762-96) (Col. Enc.)  15:356-57, 513

Catholic (Christianity) a term (from the Greek word katholikos, "universal") used by ecclesiatical writers since the 2nd century to distinguish the Christian Church at large from local communities or from heretical and schismatic sects’Roman Catholicism is characterized by its uniform, highly developed doctrinal and organizational structure that traces its history to the Apostles of Jesus Christ in the first century AD. Along with Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism it is one of the three major branches of Christianity. In the modern world, however, not only the Roman Catholic Church but also the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Anglican Church, and a variety of national churches and minor sects claim to be catholic, though not necessarily the only true catholic church. Major Protestant churches also claim to be a part of the catholic (universal) Christian Church. (Enc. Br.) Der: Catholicism  3:487 4:147 9:42, 62, 77, 84, 114 12:54 14:152, 162 15: 10, 32, 299, 353, 357 16:309-10. 365 22:130 23:510 VIII: 172 XIII: 29-30 XVI: 180

Cato‘ Cato the Elder or Cato the Censor (234-149 BC), Roman statesman, orator, and moralist, whose full name was Marcus Porcius Cato. Sent on an official visit to Carthage in his old age, he returned stem with disapproval of Carthaginian ways. Every speech he made in the senate he ended with the words "Delenda est Carthago": "Carthage must be destroyed". (Col. Enc.)  24:1633

Cato2 Cato the Younger or Cato of Utica (95-46 Be), Roman statesman, whose full name was Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis; he was great grandson of Cato the Elder (see Cato’). His high reputation for honesty and incorruptibility and stiff-necked refusal to compromise made him none too popular with his colleagues. He was from the very first a violent opponent of Julius Caesar. After Caesar crushed Scipio at Thapsus (46 BC), Cato committed suicide at Utica, bidding his people to make their peace with Caesar. (Col. Enc.) a ix: 14

Catriona In Sri Aurobindo’s play The Maid in the Mill, the daughter of Count Conrad.  7:876

Catullus, Gaius Valerius (c. 84-c. 54 sc), an intensely emotional Roman poet whose expressions of love and hatred are generally considered the finest lyric poetry of ancient Rome. (Enc.Br.)  3:55 5:587 8:411 9:407, 530 29: 809

Caturvyuha the fourfold manifestation of the Supreme; the four powers, given the names Srikrishna (also

called Mahavira), Balarama, Pradyumna and Aniruddha. These four personalities are associated together in Puranic legend, where Balarama is Krishna’s elder brother, Pradyumna his son, and Aniruddha his grandson. Each of the four divine powers has a special relation to one of the four Varnas and one of the four Yugas; their Shaktis are the four principal aspects of the Divine Mother. (A &R, XIX: 91)  3:452 21:714

Caucasus mountain system in USSR, between Europe and Asia. (Col. Enc.) a 17:385

Caushiquie a character widow of the Vidurbhan minister, who became a religious mendicant in Kalidasa’s play Mdlavikdgnimitram (see Malavica and the King). Var: Cowshiquie a 8:135, 149-53 X: 116, 130-34, 136-39

Cavasjee an Indian architect who worked (1905/06) as an assistant to Mr. MacCabe, the chief engineer of the Calcutta Corporation, in the extension of the New Market. (A)  1:194

Cavour Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (1810-61), Italian statesman, premier of Sardinia (1852-59, 1860-61). The active force behind King Victor Emmanuel II, he was more than any other man responsible for the unification of Italy under the house of Savoy. (Col. Enc.) 1:139, 309, 335, 876 2:162, 164-65, 411 3:267, 480-82 16:304 X: 149

Cayshie in the Mahabharata, a giant, son of Kashyapa by Danu, who fought with and was defeated by Indra. He also fought with Vishnu for thirteen days. (Dow.; M.N.)  5:193 7:914, 922

Cecil, Algernon (Edgar Algernon) Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (1864-1958), 1st Viscount Cecil ofChelwood, British statesman, winner of the 1937 Nobel Peace Prize. He was one of the principal draftsmen of the League of Nations Covenant in 1919 and one of the most loyal workers for the League until its supersession by the United Nations in 1945. (Enc. Br.)  2:30-31

Cellini, Benvenuto (1500-71), a Florentine (Italian) goldsmith and sculptor, and author of one of the most vivid and interesting autobiographies ever written. (Ox. Comp.) 1:7