South Indian Bronzes*
THE discovery of Oriental Art by the aesthetic mind of Europe is one of the
most significant intellectual phenomena of the times. It is one element of a
general change which has been coming more and more rapidly over the mentality
of the human race and promises to culminate in the century to which we belong.
This change began with the discovery of Eastern thought and the revolt of
Europe against the limitations of the Graeco-Roman and the Christian ideals
which had for some centuries united in an uneasy combination to give a new form
to her mentality and type of life. The change, whose real nature could not be
distinguished so long as the field was occupied by the battle between Science
and Religion, now more and more reveals itself as an attempt of humanity to
recover its lost soul. Long overlaid by the life of the intellect and the vital
desires, distorted and blinded by a devout religious obscurantism the soul in
humanity seems at last to be resurgent and insurgent. To desire to live,
think, act, create from a greater depth in oneself, to know the Unknown, to
express with sincerity all that is expressible of the Infinite, this is the
trend of humanity’s future. A philosophy, a literature, an Art, a society which
shall correspond to that which is deepest and highest in man and realise
something more than the satisfaction of the senses, the desire of the vital
parts and the expediencies and efficiencies recognised by the intellect without
excluding these necessary elements, these are the things humanity is turning to
seek, though in the midst of a chaotic groping, uncertainty and confusion.
At such a juncture the value of Eastern Thought and Eastern Art to the world is
altogether incalculable. For their greatness is that they have never yet fallen
away from the ancient truth, the truth of the Soul; they have not gone out of
the Father’s house to live on the husks of the sense and the life.
*
By O. C. Gangoly. Published by the Indian Society of Oriental Arts, Calcutta.
Sold by Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta, and Luzac and Co., 46, Great Russell
Street, London.
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and the body; they have always seen in the mind and body only instruments for
the expression of that which is deeper and greater than its instruments. Even
intellect and emotion had for ,them only a secondary value. Not to imitate
Nature but to reveal that which she has hidden, to find significative forms
which shall embody for us what her too obvious and familiar symbols conceal,
has been the aim of the greatest Art, the Art of prehistoric antiquity and of
those countries and ages whose culture has been faithful to the original truth
of the Spirit. Greek culture, on the other hand, deviated on a path which led
away from this truth to the obvious and external reality of the senses. The
Greeks sought to use the forms of Nature as they saw and observed them,
slightly idealised, a little uplifted, with a reproduction of her best
achievement and not, like modern realism, of her deformities and failures; and
though they at first used this form to express an ideal, it was bound in the
end to turn to the simple service of the intellect and the senses. Mediaeval
Art attempted to return to a deeper motive; but great as were its achievements,
they dwelt in a certain dim obscurity, an unillU11lined mystery which contrasts
strongly with the light of deeper knowledge that in- forms the artistic work of
the East. We have now throughout the world a search, an attempt on various
lines to discover some principle of significant form in Art which shall escape
from the obvious and external and combine delight with profundity, the power of
a more searching knowledge with the depth of suggestion, emotion and ecstasy
which are the very breath of aesthetic creation. The search has led to many
extravagances and cannot be said to have been as yet successful, but it may be
regarded as a sure sign and precursor of a new and greater age of human
achievement.
The Oriental Art recognised in Europe has been principally that of China and
Japan. It is only recently that the aesthetic mind of the West has begun to
open to the greatness of Indian creation in this field or at least to those
elements of it which are most characteristic and bear the stamp of the ancient
spiritual greatness. Indian Architecture has indeed been always admired, but
chiefly in the productions of the Indo-Saracenic school which in spite of their
extraordinary delicacy and beauty have not the
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old-world greatness and power of the best Hindu, Jain and Buddhistic work But
Indian sculpture and painting have till recently been scouted as barbarous and
inartistic, and for this reason that they have, more than any other Oriental
work, deliberately remained im the extreme of the ancient symbolic conception
of the plastic Arts and therefore most entirely offended the rational and
imitative eye which is Europe’s inheritance from the Hellene. It is a curious
sign of the gulf between the two conceptions that a European writer will almost
always fix for praise precisely on those Indian sculptures which are farthest
away from the Indian tradition, – as for instance the somewhat vulgar
productions of the Gandhara or bastard Graeco-Indian school or certain statues
which come nearest to a faithful imitation of natural forms but are void of
inspiration and profound suggestion.
Recently, however, the efforts of Mr. Havell and the work of the new school of
Indian .artists have brought about or at least commenced something like a
revolution in the aesthetic stand- point of Western critics. Competent minds
have turned their attention to Indian work and assigned it a high place in the
artistic creation of the East and even the average European writer has been
partly compelled to understand that Indian statuary and Indian painting have
canons .of their own and cannot be judged either by a Hellenistic or a
realistic standard. More salutary still, the mind of the educated Indian has
received a useful shock and may perhaps now be lifted out of the hideous banality
of unaesthetic taste into which it had fallen. Whatever benefits the laudable
and well-meaning efforts of English educationists may have bestowed on this
country, it is certain that, aided by the inrush of the vulgar, the mechanical
and the commonplace from the commercial West, they have succeeded in entirely
vulgarising the aesthetic mind and soul of the Indian people. Its innate and
instinctive artistic taste has disappeared; the eye and the aesthetic sense
have not been so much corrupted as killed. What more flagrant sign of this
debacle could there be than the fact that all educated India hailed the
paintings of Raja Ravi Varma, an incompetent imitation of the worst European
styles, as the glory of a new dawn and that hideous and glaring reproductions
of them still adorn its dwellings? A rebirth of Indian taste support-
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ing a new Indian Art which shall inspire itself with the old spirit while
seeking for fresh forms is now, however, possible and it is certainly a great
desideratum for the future. For nothing can be more helpful towards the
discovery of that which we are now vaguely seeking, a new Art which shall no
longer labour to imitate Nature but strive rather to find fresh significant
forms for the expression of the self.
It is necessary to this end that the wealth of their ancient Art should be
brought before the eyes of the people, and it is gratifying to find that an
increasing amount of pioneer work is being done in this respect, although still
all too scanty. The book before us, Mr. O. C. Gangoly’s South Indian
Bronzes, must rank as one of the best of them all. Southern India, less
ravaged than the North by the invader and the Vandal and profiting by the
historic displacement of the centre of Indian culture south- ward, teems with
artistic treasures. Mr. Gangoly’s book gives us, in an opulent collection of
nearly a hundred fine plates preceded by five chapters of letterpress, one side
of the artistic work of the South, – its bronzes, chiefly representing the gods
and devotees of the Shaiva religion, – for the Shaiva religion has been as
productive of sublime and suggestive work in the plastic arts as has been the
Vaishnava all over India of great, profound and passionate poetry. This book is
a sumptuous production and almost as perfect as any work of the kind can be
in the present state of our knowledge.
There are certain minor defects which we feel bound to point out to the author.
The work abounds with useful quotations from unprinted Sanskrit works on the
rules and conventions of the sculptural Art, works attributed to Agastya and
others; but their value is somewhat lessened by the chaotic system of transliteration which Mr. Gangoly has adopted. He is writing for all India and
Europe as well; why then adopt the Bengali solecism which neglects the
distinction between the b and the v of the Sanskrit alphabet or
that still more ugly and irrational freak by which some in Bengal insist on
substituting for the aspirate bh the English v? Even in these
errors the writer is not consistent; he represents the Sanskrit v sometimes
by b and sometimes by v, and bh indifferently by v, vh or
bh. Such vagaries are discon-
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certing and offend against the sense of order and accuracy. It is always
difficult to read Sanskrit in the Roman alphabet which is entirely unsuited to
that language, but this kind of system or want of system turns the difficulty
almost into an impossibility. We hope that in the important works which he
promises us on Pallava Sculpture and South Indian Sculptures Mr. Gangoly will
remedy this imperfection of detail.
The first chapter of the letterpress deals with the legendary origins of South
Indian art. It is interesting and valuable, but there are some startlingly
confident statements against which our critical sense protests. For instance,
"it is beyond doubt that the two divisions of the country indicated
by the Vindhya ranges were occupied by people essentially different in blood and
temperament." Surely the important theories which hold the whole Indian race to
be Dravidian in blood or, without assigning either an "Aryan" or "non-Aryan"
origin, believe it to be homogeneous – omitting some islander types on the southern coast and the Mongoloid races
of the Himalaya, – cannot be so lightly dismissed. The question is full of
doubt and obscurity. The one thing that seems fairly established is that
there were at least two types of culture in ancient India, the
"Aryan" occupying the Punjab and Northern and Central India, Mghanistan and perhaps Persia and distinguished in its cult by the symbols of the
Sun, the Fire and the Soma sacrifice, and the un- Aryan occupying the East,
South and West, the nature of which it is quite impossible to restore from the
scattered hints which are all we possess.
Again we are astonished to observe that Mr. Gangoly seems to accept the
traditional attribution of the so-called Agastya Shastras to the Vedic Rishi of
that name. The quotations from these books are in classical Sanskrit of a
fairly modern type, certainly later than the pre-Christian era though Mr.
Gangoly on quite insufficient grounds puts them before Buddha. It is impossible
to believe that they are the work of the Rishi, husband of Lopamudra, who
composed the great body of hymns in an archaic tongue that close the first
Mandala of the Rig-veda. Nor can we accept the astonishing identification of
the Puranic Prajapati, Kashyapa, progenitor of creatures, with the father
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of the Kanada who founded the Vaisheshika philosophy. It distresses us to see
Indian inquirers with their great opportunities simply following in the path of
certain European scholars, accepting and adding to their unstable fantasies,
their huge superstructures founded on weak and scattered evidence and their
imaginative "history" of our prehistoric ages. There is better and
sounder work to be done and Indians can do it admirably as Mr. Gangoly himself
has shown in this book; for the rest of the work, where he has not to indulge
in these obiter dicta, is admi- rable and flawless. There is a sobriety and
reserve, a solidity of statement and a sort of sparing exhaustiveness which
make it quite the best work of the kind we have yet come across. The chapters
on the Shilpashastra and the review of the distribution of Shaivite and other
work in Southern India are extremely interesting and well-written and the last
brief chapter of criticism is perfect both in what it says and what it refrains
from saying.
Mr Gangoly’s collection of plates, 94 in number, illustrates
Southern work in bronze in all its range. It opens with a fine Kalasamhara and
a number of Dancing Shivas,. the characteristic image of the Shaivite art, and
contains a great variety of figures; there are among them some beautiful images
of famous Shaivite Bhaktas. A few examples of Vaishnava art are also given. In
a collection so ample and so representative it is obvious that there must be a
good deal of work which falls considerably below the best, but the general
impression is that of a mass of powerful, striking and inspired creations. And
throughout there is that dominant note which distinguishes Indian art from any
other whether of the Occident or of the Orient. All characteristic Oriental Art
indeed seeks to go beyond the emotions and the senses; a Japanese landscape of
snow and hill is as much an image of the soul as a Buddha or a flame-haired
spirit of the thunderbolt. Nature will not see herself there as in a mirror,
but rather herself transformed into something wonderfully not her- self which
is yet her own deeper reality. But still there is a difference, and it seems
to lie in this that other Oriental Art, even though it goes beyond the
external, usually remains in the cosmic, in the limits of Prakriti, but here
there is a perpetual reaching beyond into something absolute, infinite, supernatural,
the very
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ecstasy of the Divine. Even in work not of the best finish or most living
inspiration there is this touch which gives it a greatness beyond its actual
achievement; rarely indeed does the statuary fall into mere technique or
descend entirely into the physical and external.
It is this tendency, as the author well explains, which causes and in a sense
justifies the recoil and incomprehension of the average Occidental mind; for it
comes to Art with a demand for the satisfaction of the senses, the human
emotions, the imagination moving among familiar things’. It does not ask for
a god or for a symbol of the beyond, but for a figure admirably done with
scrupulous fidelity to Nature and the suggestion of some vision, imagination,
feeling or idea well within the normal range of human experience.¹ The Indian
artist deliberately ignores all these demands. His technique is perfect enough;
he uses sculptural line with a consummate mastery, often with an incomparable
charm, grace and tenderness. The rhythm and movement of his figures have a
life and power and perfection which conveys a deeper reality than the more intellectualised
and less purely intuitive symmetries and groupings of the European styles. But
these bodies are not, when we look close at them, bronze representations of
human flesh and human life, but forms of divine life, embodiments of the gods.
The human type is exceeded, and if sometimes one more
subtly and psychically beautiful replaces it, at other times all mere
physical beauty is contemptuously disregarded.
What these artists strive always to express is the soul and those pure and
absolute states of the mind and heart in which the soul manifests its essential
being void of all that is petty, transient, disturbed and restless. In their
human figures it is almost always devotion that is manifested; for this in the
Shaiva and Vaishnava religions is the pure state of the soul turned towards
God. The power of the artist is extraordinary. Not only the face, the eyes, the
pose but the whole body and every curve and every detail aid in the effect and
seem to be concentrated into the
¹ This was the traditional standpoint, the view of Art dominant at the time of
writing but, though it still survives, it is no longer dominant. Art and
aesthetics in Europe have swung round to an opposite extreme.
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essence of absolute adoration, submission, ecstasy, love, tender- ness which is
the Indian idea ‘of bhakti. These are not figures of devotees, but of
the very personality of devotion. Yet while the Indian mind is seized and
penetrated to the very roots of its being by this living and embodied ecstasy,
it is quite possible that the Occidental, not trained in the same spiritual culture,
would miss almost entirely the meaning of the image and might only see a man
praying.
The reason becomes evident when we study the images of the gods. These deities
are far removed indeed from the Greek and the Christian conceptions; they do
not live in the world at all, but in themselves, in the infinite. The form
is, as it were, a wave in which the whole ocean of being expresses itself. The significance varies; sometimes it is unfathomable thought, sometimes the
self-restraint of infinite power, sometimes the self-contained oceanic surge of
divine life and energy, sometimes the absolute immortal ecstasy. But always one
has to look not at the form, but through and into it to see that which has
seized and informed it. The appeal of this art is in fact to the human soul for communion with the divine Soul and not merely to the understanding, the
imagination and the sensuous eye. It is a sacred and hieratic art, expressive
of the profound thought of Indian philosophy and the deep passion of Indian worship.
It seeks to render to the soul that can feel and the eye that can see the
extreme values of the suprasensuous.
And yet there is a certain difference one notes which distinguishes most of
these southern bronzes from the sublime and majestic stone sculptures of the
earlier periods. It is the note of lyrism in the form, the motive of life,
grace, rhythm. To use the terms of Indian philosophy, most art expresses the
play of Prakriti; Buddhistic art in its most characteristic creations expresses the absolute repose of the Purusha; Hindu art tends to combine the
Purusha and Prakriti in one image. But in the earlier stone sculptures it is
the sublime repose, tranquil power, majestic concentration of the Deity which
the whole image principally represents even in poses expressive of violent
movement; the movement is self-contained, subordinated to the repose. We find
the same motive in some of these bronzes, notably in the wonder-
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ful majestically self-possessed thought and power of the Kalasamhara image of
Shiva (Plate I); but for the most part it is life and rhythm that predominate
in the form even when there is no actual suggestion of movement. This is the
motive of the Natarajan, the Dancing Shiva, which seems to us to strike the
dominant note of this art; the self-absorbed concentration, the motionless
peace and joy are within, outside is the whole mad bliss of the cosmic
movement. But even other figures that stand or sit seem often to represent only
pauses of the dance; often the thought and repose are concentrated in the head
and face, the body is quick with potential movement. This art seems to us to
reflect in bronze the lyrical outburst of the Shaivite and Vaishnava devotional
literature while the older sculpture had the inspiration of the spiritual epos
of the Buddha or else reflects in stone the sublimity of the Upanishads. The aim
of a renascent Indian Art must be to recover the essence of these great motives
and to add the freedom and variety of the soul’s self-expression in the coming
age when man’s search after the Infinite need no longer be restricted to given
types or led along one or two great paths, but may at last be suffered to answer
with a joyous flexibility the many-sided call of the
secret Mystery behind Life to its children.
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